Англис тилиндеги ырлар, тексттер

English is a world language

Today English has become a world language. In Shakespeare’s time it was a “provincial’ language of a secondary important with only 5 million native speakers. Nowadays English has become the world’s most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. In the number of speakers (400 million) it is the second after Chinese. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Irish Republic; it is also spoken as a second language by many people in Asia and Africa.

Even more widely English is studied and used as a foreign language. In this respect it acquired an international status. It is used for communication across frontiers, listening to broadcasts reading books and newspapers, in commerce and travel. Half of the world’s scientific literature in English. English is associated with technological and economic development of the great manufacturing countries and it is the principal language of international aid. One should say that English is not an easy language to learn. There is a big problem of spelling, of the large number of exceptions to any rule. English is one of the those languages which may seem easy at the beginning, but then the bridge between basic knowledge and mastery takes a long time to cross. But if you do cross this bridge it will give you great satisfaction.

People want to learn English in particular not only because it is the languages of such great countries as the USE and Great Britain, but also because it has become the international languages. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated man, for every good specialist.

Language Learning

Let’s analyze why it’s so important to learn foreign languages. Today one of the most burning problems for young specialists all over the word is getting a good and well paid job. Usually it requires knowledge of one or sometimes several foreign languages. These and many other factors explain why it’s so necessary to know foreign languages. The more languages you know the bigger amount of information you can obtain, the more educated and intelligent you are. Just imagine, if you know English and Russian languages you are capable of getting 74 % of world’s information. And finally isn’t it pleasant to go to any country in the word and be able to understand what is going on around you?

Besides knowing one or more foreign languages has a formative function. It makes it possible to know different ways of thinking, to understand new peoples; it gives you a chance to become acquainted with new literature, different culture and to broaden your knowledge.

There several basic techniques that a person can use to learn a foreign language. These are listening, speaking, reading and writing. All four of them develop all kinds of memory a human being possesses.

Through watching TV, Listening to the radio in the language you study, you learn more and more words and expressions that were unknown to you before. You also train your ear and improve and correct your pronunciation.

While speaking you develop the ability to communicate thoughts and express your feelings to other people. One of the best ways to do that is talking more and more to your mates, your teachers and even to native speakers which is the best of all three.

It’s for sure there would be no progress in your language studies without reading. The best thing to start with is special texts in textbooks, and then you may get down to reading the original literature which is much more interesting and useful.

And then don’t forget writing is vitally important to train your vision memory in English. Writing exercises, letters and essays is essentially important for the worlds you learn.

Of course, only applying all four techniques (listening, speaking, reading and writing) you can attain high results in language learning.

Infinitive Этиштин жаксыз формасы	Past Indefinite Этиштин ъткън чагы	Past Participle Aтоочтуктун ъткън чагы	Meaning Maaниси
be [bi:]	was [w כz] were [wә:]	been [bi.n]	болуу
beat [bi:t]	beat [bi:t]	beaten [bi:tn]	ypyy
begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gǽn]	begun [bi'gLn]	6aштoo
break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken [broukn]	6yзyy, cындырyy
bring [bri η]	brought [br כ:t]	brought [br כ:t]	алып кел\\
build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]	кypyy
buy [bai]	bought [bכ:t]	bought [bכ:t]	сaктап калyy
catch [kǽt∫]	caught [kכ:t]	caught [kכ:t]	кармап калуу
choose [t∫u:z]	chose [t∫ouz]	chosen [t∫ouzn]	тандoo
come [kLm]	came [keim]	come [kLm]	кел\\
cut [kLt]	cut [k/\t]	cut [kLt]	кес\\
do [du:]	did [did]	done [dLn]	жасоо
draw [drכ:]	drew [dru:]	drawn [drכ:n]	с\рът тартуу
dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt]	dreamt [dremt]	эёсъъ, самоо
drink [drink]	drank [drǽnk]	drunk [drLnk]	ич\\
drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drivn]	айдоо
eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten [’ i:tn ]	тамактануу
fall [fכ:l]	fell [fel]	fallen [fכ:lәn]	жыгылуу
feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	мактануу
feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	сез\\
fight [fait]	fought [fכ:t]	fought [fכ:t]	кармашуу
find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]	табуу
fly [flai]	flew [flu:]	flown [floun]	учуу
forget [fә’get]	forgot [fә’g כt]	forgetten [fә’gכtn]	унутуу
get [get]	got [g כt]	got [g כt]	алуу
give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given [’givn]	бер\\
go [gou]	went [went]	gone [g כn]	баруу
grow [grou]	grew [gru:]	grown [groun]	ъс\\
have [hǽv]	had [hǽd]	had [hǽd]	болуу, бар болуу
hear [hiә]	heard [hә:d]	heard [hә:d]	угуу
hide [haid]	hid [hid]	hidden [’hidn]	бекит\\
hit [hit]	hit [hit]	hit [hit]	урунуу
hold [hould]	held [held]	held [held]	кармоо
hurt [hә:t]	hurt [hә:t]	hurt [hә:t]	оорутуу
keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	сактоо
know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]	бил\\
lay [lei]	laid [leid]	laid [leid]	жабуу
learn [lә:n]	learnt [lә:nt]	learnt [lә:nt]	\йрът\\
leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]	калтыруу, таштоо
lie [lai]	lay [lei]	lain [lein]	жатуу
lose [lu:z]	lost [l כst]	lost [l כst]	жоготуу
make[meik]	made[meid]	made[meid]	жасоо
meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]	жолугушуу
pay [pei]	paid [peid]	paid [peid]	тълъъ
put [put]	put [put]	put [put]	коюу
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]	окуу
ring [riη]	rang [rǽη]	rung [rLη]	телефон чалуу
rise [raiz]	rose [rouz]	risen [rizn]	кътър\\
run [rLn]	ran [rǽn]	run [rLn]	ж\г\р\\
say [sei]	said [sed]	said [sed]	айтуу
see [si:]	saw [sכ:]	seen [si:n]	кър\\
sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]	сатуу
send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]	жибер\\
shake [∫eik]	shook [∫uk]	shaken [∫eikn]	силк\\
shine [∫ain]	shone [∫oun]	shone [∫oun]	жаркыроо
shoot [∫u:t]	shot [∫כt]	shot [∫כt]	атуу
show [∫ou]	showed [∫oud]	shown [∫oun]	кърсът\\
shut [∫Lt]	shut [∫Lt]	shut [∫Lt]	жабуу
sing [siη]	sang [sǽη]	sung [sLη]	ырдоо
sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]	уктоо
speak [spi:k]	spoke [spouk]	spoken [spoukn]	с\йлъъ
spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]	ъткър\\
spoil [spכil]	spoilt [spכilt]	spoilt [spכilt]	бузул\\
stand [stǽnd]	stood [stud]	stood [stud]	туруу
steal [sti:l]	stole [stoul]	stolen [stouln]	уурдоо
strike [straik]	struck [strLk]	struck [strLk]	уруу, согуу
sweep [swi:p]	swept [swept]	swept [swept]	шыпыруу
swim [swim]	swam [swǽm]	swum [swLm]	сууда с\з\\
take [teik]	took [tuk]	taken [teikn]	алуу
tear [teə]	tore [t כ:]	torn [t כ:n]	жыртуу
tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould	айтуу
think [Өiηk]	thought [Ө כ:t]	thought [Ө כ:t]	ойлоо
throw [Өrou]	threw [Өru:]	thrown [Өroun]	ыргытуу
understand [Lndә‘stǽnd]	understood [Lndә‘stu:d	understood [Lndә‘stu:d]	т\ш\н\\
wake [weik]	woke [wouk]	woken [woukn]	ойгонуу
wear [weə]	wore [w כ:]	worn [w כ:n]	кийим кий\\
weave [wi:v]	wove [wouv]	woven [wouvn]	булгалоо
win [win]	won [wLn]	won [wLn]	жеё\\
write [rait]	wrote [rout]	written [ritn]	жазуу

Twinkle, twinkle little star

Twinkle, twinkle little star

How I wonder what you are

Up above the world so high

Like a diamond in the sky.

When the blazing sun is set

And the grass with dew is wet.

Then you show your little light

Twinkle, twinkle all the night.

Твинкл, твинкл литл стаа

Хау ай вандэ вот йуу аа

Ап эбав зэ воолд соу хай

Лайк э даймэнд ин зэ скай (дважды)

Вэн зэ блейзиё сан из сет

Энд зэ граас виз диюу из вэт

Зэн йуу шоу йоо литл лайт

Твинкл, твинкл оол зэ райт (дважды)

Twinkle, twinkle little star

Twinkle, twinkle little star When the blazing sun is set

How I wonder what you are And the grass with dew is wet.

Up above the world so high Then you show your little light

Like a diamond in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle all the night.

Then the traveler in the dark, In the dark blue sky you keep

Thanks you for your little spark. Often through my curtain peep

He could not see which way to go for you never shut your eye

If you did not twinkle so. Till the sun is in the sky

My bonnie

My Bonnie is over the ocean Oh, blow ye winds over the ocean

My Bonnie is over the ocean Oh, blow ye winds over the ocean

My Bonnie is over the ocean Oh, blow ye winds over the ocean

And Bring back my Bonnie to me And Bring back my Bonnie to me

bring back, bring back bring back, bring back

bring back my Bonnie to me bring back my Bonnie to me

Cuckoo

Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo,

Cries in the wood Cries in the wood Cries in the wood

Happy and gay Cuckoo is here Oh, let us sing,

Are children in May Summer is near And dance in a ring

Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo, Cuckoo Cuckoo, Cuckoo

Cries in the wood Cries in the wood Cries in the wood

If you are happy and you know

If you are happy and you know, Clap your hands

If you are happy and you know, Clap your hands

If you are happy and you know, and really wand to show

If you are happy and you know, Step your feet (twice)

If you are happy and you know, Say we are

Bingo

The farmer’s dog is in the yard,

In the yard, in the yard.

The farmer’s dog is in the yard

The Bingo is his name

Bingo and Bingo? And Bingo is his name (twice)

The farmer’s dog is in the yard,

Never bites, never bites,

The farmer’s dog, he never bites

And bingo is his name

Bingo and Bingo? And Bingo is his name (twice)

The farmer’s dog, he only barks,

Only barks, only barks

When he sees me, he wags his tail,

Wags his tail, wags his tail,

The farmer’s dog, he is my friend

Is me friend, is my friend.

JINGLE, BELLS Refrain:

Dashing through the snow Jingle, bells

In a one-horse open sleigh Jingle, bells

Down the hill we go Jingle all the way

Laughing all the way. Oh, what fun it is to ride

In a one-horse open sleigh.

Bells on bobtail ring

Making spirits bright

What fun it is to ride and sing

A sleighing song to-night.

To jingle

To dash

sleigh

bobtail

spirits

what fun

New-Year

Oh, new year tree

Oh, new year tree

How green are your sweet branches

You bloom not only when it’s warm,

But also in the winter storm.

Oh, new year tree

Oh, new year tree

How sweet are your green branches

Sweet-

To bloom

storm

A poem: Daffodils

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o’er vales and hills

When all at once I saw a crowd

A host of golden daffodils

Beside the lake beneath the trees

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze

o’er – [ouə] - over

Autumn by Cooper

Little Miss Muffed

Little Miss Muffet

Sat on a buffet

Eating her curds and whey

Down came a spider

And sat down beside her

And frightened Miss Muffet away.

Learn by heart

M A G I C W O R D S

Hearts like doors will open with ease

To very, very little keys

And don’t forget two are these

“Thank you’ and “If you are, please’

If a task is once began,

Never leave it till it’s done.

Be the labor great or small,

Do it well or not at all.

When the weather is wet, we must not fret,

When the weather is cold, we must not scold.

When the weather is warm, we must not storm,

But be thankful together, whatever the weather.

Read the rhymes:

Why Willie, Why Willie,

Why Willie Why?

Why Willie, Why Willie,

Why do you cry?

Breakfast in the morning,

Dinner in the day.

Tea comes after dinner,

Then comes time to play.

A wise old owl lived in an oak,

The more he saw the less he spoke.

A wise old owl lived in an oak.

The more he saw the less he spoke

The less he spoke the more he heard.

Why can’t we all be like that wise old bird?

Puzzle

When I was going to St. Ives

I met a man with seven wives.

Every wife had seven sacks

Every sack had seven cats

Every cat had seven kits

Kits, cats, sacks and wives

How many were there going to St. Ives.

If a task is once began,

Never leave it till it’s done.

Be the labor great or small,

Do it well or not at all.

Read the rhymes:

Why Willie, Why Willie,

Why Willie Why?

Why Willie, Why Willie,

Why do you cry?

Breakfast in the morning,

Dinner in the day.

Tea comes after dinner,

Then comes time to play.

A wise old owl lived in an oak,

The more he saw the less he spoke.

A wise old owl lived in an oak.

The more he saw the less he spoke

The less he spoke the more he heard.

Why can’t we all be like that wise old bird?

Dialogue: At the party

-Good afternoon. What’s your name?

-Sorry?

-I’m ________________. What’s your name?

- Oh, hello. My name is ___________________. I’m a student.

-Sorry?

- I’m a student. And you?

- I’m a pupil. I study at school named after Mamat Nurbaev.

- Glad to meet you. Good party?

- Yes, very good. Thank you.

Dialogue: At the party

-Good afternoon. What’s your name?

-Sorry?

-I’m Nick Philips. What’s your name?

- Oh, hello. My name is Carry Spiller. I’m a student.

-Sorry?

- I’m a student. And you?

- I’m a pupil / a student. I study at school / a college.

- Glad to meet you. Good party?

- Yes, very good. Thank you.

Dialogue: Do you enjoy it?

"Do you like to go to the theatre?"

"Oh, yes. I've got tickets for tomorrow."

"What's on?"

"A musical comedy. I'm sure I'll enjoy it."

"Who are you going with?"

"With a girl-friend of mine. She always enjoys a good laugh."

"Is it very difficult to get tickets for that comedy?"

"Well, yes. I'm sure there will be crowds' of hopeful people

outside the theatre doors tomorrow on the look-out² for a

chance ticket."

"I see. Well, that explains everything. But you see, I like the cinema better than the theatre. Last night I saw a film which is based on an incident that really happened."

"Did you enjoy it?"

"Yes, I did, very much. I learned a lot from it. I'm sure it's true to life."

[u] 1. The cook took a good look at the cookery book.

1. It's good he could go on foot.

2. A good beginning makes a good ending.

[w] 1. Everywhere we saw the white snow.

1. William was not very willing to wait.

2. Didn't this waiter work in Washington last winter?

3. No sweet without some sweat.

4. Where there is a will there is a way.

[w3:] Her work grows worse and worse.

[w-v] William always wears a very warm woolen vest in winter; Victor, however, will never wear woolen un­derwear, even in the Wild West.

In November, 1620, a small ship, thej Mayflower, left England. There were about one hundred people aboard the ship, who were flying from the persecution of the King. The Mayflower had spent 7 long weeks in the Atlantic Ocean before it reached America.

It was already autumn. It was raining, and a cold wind was blowing. Some men left the Mayflower and went ashore where they found maize, left by the Indians on the beach. Nobody in Europe had seen maize then, but when the people on board the Mayflower tried it, they liked it very much.

After a day's rest on board the Mayflower on Monday some men and women went ashore again. The women had to wash the clothes. Since that time Monday has been a wash-day in America.

During the next five weeks the men from the Mayflower left the ship every day. They were looking for a good place to live. The weather was very cold, more and more men fell ill, but at last they found a good place. There was a good harbour for ships there, some fields and forests near it and even a small river. The people began to built a village there. By January, 1621, there were already two streets in this village, and they calledit "New Plymouth".

It was winter now. The people were tired and cold. They did not have enough to eat. Many people died. When the houses were ready, the life of the people became easier. They had warm houses where they could live.

One day the people of the village saw a tall Indian who was walking along the street. They were frightened, but this Indian came up to them, smiled and said, "Hallo, Jankee! Hallo, Jankee!".

This Indian could speak English a little. He had learnt it from the sidle rs „f a sL,p which had come to this part of America a few years before.

A few- days later this Indian came again together with some other Indians. They came as friends and helped the white men

2. Progressive music is always connected² with life.

What is the role of the best popular songs by Soviet composers? (To help to fight for peace; to mobilize people to work with enthusiasm; to express³ the feelings of working people; to educate in the spirit of Soviet patriotism.)

¹ handicrafts ['haendikrafts] — HapoflHbie npoMbicjiu; ² to connect [ko'nekt] ■— coe.ziHHHTb, CBH3biBaTb; ³ to express [iks'pres] — BbipaKaTb

12. Read and say:

Proverb: ART IS LONG, LIFE IS SHORT.

The life of a man lasts only a short time, but art goes on for ever.

Discuss how important art in man's life is, what it teaches him and how it can change him.

Speak about the role of art in your self-education. Say what works of art have impressed you greatly.

13. Read the sentences, find the Gerunds and explain why you think
they are Gerunds. Translate the sentences:

1. More than 2,000 organizations took part in drawing up a gen­eral plan of reconstruction of the city. 2. There is a new exhibi­tion of children's drawings at the museum. 3. The meeting of the Komsomol members discussed the work of the construction team in August. 4. The young people from different countries enjoyed meeting one another at the festival. 5. His findings may give new facts about the life of prehistoric people in the Soviet Far East. 6. You will have no difficulty in finding his house, it is near the Drama Theatre.

► 14. Read the text using the References. Write down the main facts and describe industry and agriculture in Australia:

The Commonwealth of Australia

Part II

There are five big cities in Australia: Sydney *, Melbourne *, Adelaide *, Perth * and Brisbane *. Each city is the capital of the state in which it is situated. Sydney has about three million inhabitants, Melbourne has about two and a half million, the other cities are much smaller.

Australia is rich in minerals, which are mined¹ in different parts of the country, especially in Western Australia and in the north-east of the country.

Most of the factories are concentrated in or around the big cities. They produce goods for the motor-car, machine-building, clothing ² and food industries. Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth are the country's main ports.

Agriculture is the main occupation in Australia. Wheat is grown in the south and in the grassland region.

Sugar is produced along the north-east coast, while fruit­growing is developed in the south.

Australia is famous for its sheep. The great sheep-farms are called sheep stations. They are found in many parts of the coun­try. Cattle-farming is also developed in the Northern Territory *, in some parts of Western Australia, along the east coast and in the south.

¹ to mine — Ao6biBaTb; ² clothing ['kl©u5irj] — oAemjxa

Read the text of Task 11 (pp. 142—144).

About Great Russian Cities. Про великие русские города

Archangelsk, also Archangel, city, northern European Russia, capital of Arkhangelsk Oblast, on the Northern Dvina (Severnaya Dvina) River, near the White Sea (Beloye More). It is a major seaport, although icebound in winter months. The city is also a trade and processing center for an important timber-producing region. A maritime school, a forestry institute, and a regional museum are located here. Arkhangelsk was the chief Russian seaport from its founding (1584) as Novo-Kholmogory until the building of the Baltic port of Saint Petersburg in 1703. It received its present name in 1613. The city declined in the 18th century, but trade revived at the end of the 19th century, when a railroad to Moscow was completed. During World Wars I and II Arkhangel-sk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. The city resisted Bolshevik rule during 1918-20 and was a stronghold of the White Army, supported by Allied forces. Blagoveshchensk, city in far eastern Russia and capital of Amur Oblast. Located at the confluence of the Amur and Zeya rivers, Blagoveshchensk lies on the border of Russia and China. Its river port promoted the development of the shipbuilding and ship repair industries. Its proximity Kazan was founded in the late 14th century and soon became the capital of a powerful Tatar khanate. In 1552 the city was annexed by Russia under Ivan IV Vasilyevich. It was largely destroyed in 1774 during a revolt by troops under the leadership of the cossack soldier Yemelyan Pugachov, but was rebuilt soon thereafter, during the reign of Catherine the Great. Murmansk, city, northwestern Russia, the largest city in the world north of the Arctic Circle. Situated on Kola Inlet, an arm of the Barents Sea, the city is an important port with an ice-free harbor. It is the capital of Murmansk Oblast. Murmansk is a Russian naval base and has major shipbuilding and fish-processing facilities. It is the seat of institutes of oceanography and polar research.
Murmansk was founded in 1915, during World War I, as a port of entry for Allied supplies after Russian ports on the Black and Baltic seas had been closed. In 1916 it was linked by rail with Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). After the Russian Revolution, an Allied force briefly occupied Murmansk, and it was an Allied port of entry in World War II (1939-45). Nizhnevartovsk, city in northeastern Russia, in western Siberia. Nizhnevartovsk is part of Khantia-Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen- Oblast, and is located along the Ob- River. The city grew in economic importance in the 1970s as a service center for the local oil industry. The Samotlar oil basin, an important source of oil, is located in the region, and oil and natural gas pipelines cross the city. Additional industry in the city includes timber, construction materials, and food. Transportation to the city is limited, although there is a railroad station. There is a regional history museum in Nizhnevartovsk. During the time of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Soviet central planners concentrated resources in several cities, including Nizhnevartovsk and Surgut, to promote the growth of the Siberian oil industry. The labor intensive nature of oil production during the Soviet period spurred dramatic population growth in the city. In 1970, prior to the birth of the industry, the population of the city was only 16,000. By the end of the decade the city had grown to 109,000, and by the end of the 1980s the city had again more than doubled, to 242,000. By 1979 the city had grown to more than three times the size Soviet planners had expected, causing serious housing and infrastructure shortages. The population of the city is currently declining, most likely due to economic difficulties in the oil industry. Nizhniy Novgorod, city in western Russia, at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers. Nizhniy Novgorod is a major river port, railroad hub, and industrial center. The city is the site of one of the largest automobile factories in Russia, and its manufactures also include aircraft, textiles, and railroad and electric equipment. Nizhniy Novgorod has libraries, museums, a large university, and several technical schools. Historical structures include a stone kremlin (citadel) built in the 13th century, two 13th-century churches, and a 17th-century palace. Nizhniy Novgorod was founded in 1221. In the late 14th century the city was plundered by the Tatars before being annexed by Moscow in 1392. Important for its trade with Asia, the city became famous for its trade fairs, held annually from 1817 until 1917. From 1932 to 1991 it was named Gorkiy (also spelled Gorky or Gorki) in honor of the Russian writer Maksim Gorkiy, who was born in the city.

Novgorod, city, capital of Novgorod Oblast, western Russia, on the Volkhov River, near Lake Il-men-. It is the commercial center for a rich farm region, and industries here produce fertilizer, processed food, furniture, and china. Novgorod retains examples of early Russian architecture, including a kremlin (citadel) and the Cathedral of Saint Sophia (both 11th century). One of the oldest cities in Russia, Novgorod was founded as early as the 5th or 6th century. Rurik, founder of the Russian monarchy, became prince of Novgorod in 862. In 1136 the city achieved independence from Kyyiv (Kiev) and, with a democratic form of government, became the capital of sovereign Great Novgorod. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Novgorod flourished as a trade outpost of the Hanseatic League and was a major cultural center. It repulsed Tatar invasions in the late 13th century. In 1478 the city was annexed by its rival, Moscow, under Ivan III.

The city declined as a trading center after the establishment of nearby Saint Petersburg in 1703. During the German occupation (1941-44) of World War II, the city was severely damaged. Rostov-na-Donu, also Rostov-on-Don, or Rostov, city, southwestern European Russia, capital of Rostov Oblast. Situated on a high bank of the Don River near its mouth on the Sea of Azov, the city is an important commercial, industrial, and transportation center. It is connected by a deepwater canal to the Sea of Azov, and by the Volga-Don Canal to the Caspian, Baltic, and White seas. The city is also linked by pipeline with the petroleum fields of the Caucasus region. Manufactures include ships, chemicals, agricultural machinery, electric equipment, and building materials. Several institutions of higher learning, including a university, are in Rostov-na-Donu. In 1749 a customs office was established on the site of present-day Rostov-na-Donu. A fortress was built here in 1761, and in 1797 the settlement achieved city status. In the 19th century it grew as an important trading port. During World War II the city was held twice (1941, 1942-1943) by German forces and was damaged considerably. Saransk, city in central European Russia, capital of the republic of Mordovia. Saransk is located along the Insar River in the Volga River basin, about 630 km (about 390 mi) east of Moscow. Industrial activity in Saransk includes the production of electrical cables, chemicals, decorative cloth, and food products; machine building, and metalworking.

The city also has two thermal power stations. Saransk has had a train station since 1893, currently located on the Rusaevka-Kazan- rail route, and is located along a highway. Saransk has many historic architectural sites stemming from its early settlement in 1641 as a fortress for the southeastern border of the Russian State. Soviet planners reconstructed the old city center in the 1960s and 1970s, adding wide streets and planning the construction of massive residential areas. Saransk has several theaters: a drama theater (founded in 1961), a puppet theater, and a comedy theater. It also has a regional history museum and a museum of painting. The Mordovian State University (founded in 1957) is located in Saransk as well as several technical schools. Stavropol, city in southern European Russia, capital of Stavropol- Territory (Kray), in an area known as Caucasia. Since the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991, Stavropol- has attracted many refugees from neighboring regions as a result of political and economic chaos and armed conflict near Russia's borders. The city's economy is concentrated on heavy industry; it has factories that produce automobiles, cranes, furniture, and reinforced concrete. Light industry is also represented with the production of shoes and dairy products. Stavropol- has air, rail (the Kavkazskaya-Divnoe-Elista rail line), and highway connections to other major cities. It is also linked by bus routes within northern Caucasia. Buses provide important linkages because of the mountainous nature of the area. The city has technical-training institutes for medicine, education, art, and construction. The city was founded in 1777 as a fort for the Russian army. It was established as a city in 1785, and in 1822 became the center of the North Caucasus Territory. From 1935 to 1943 it was known as Voroshilovsk. Syktyvkar, city in northern Russia, capital of Komi republic, Syktyvkar is located along the Sysola River near its confluence with the Vychegda River about 1200 km (about 744 mi) northeast of Moscow. Since the 1960s, the city's economy has focused on the timber industry and includes the production of cellulose, paper, and wood furniture. Additional industry includes the food industry (flour milling, meat, and dairy), light industry (leather shoes, textiles), and construction materials. Lying outside Russia's power network, Syktyvkar has a thermal power plant to serve its energy needs. Because of its extreme northerly location the city has few transportation links; it is, however, the final station on a rail spur from the city of Mikun-. Syktyvkar University (founded in 1972) is located in the city and there are several training institutes for the cellulose industry and the fields of medicine, music, and education. The city has a drama theater and two museums. Syktyvkar was settled as Ust—Sysol-sk in 1586 and was named Syktyvkar in 1930. Most likely due to its extreme northerly location and restructuring in the cellulose industry, the city is one of many in the far north that have lost population since the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Volgograd, formerly Stalingrad, city, capital of Volgograd Oblast, southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. Volgograd, an important industrial, commercial, and transshipment center of Russia, is a railroad hub and a major Volga River port. It is linked to the Don River by the Volga-Don Canal, constructed between 1950 and 1957. A large hydroelectric power dam is just north of the city. Among the main industries in Volgograd are petroleum refining, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of aluminum, chemicals, processed food, farm machinery, iron and steel, and forest products. The University of Volgograd (1980) is located in the city. Volgograd was founded in 1589 as Tsaritsyn, a fortress on the southeastern frontier of Russia. It was taken by cossack rebels twice: in 1670 by Stenka Razin and in 1774 by Yemelyan Pugachov. With the expansion of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, Tsaritsyn became an important port for products shipped down the Volga River. Early in the Russian Revolution, in 1917, the city was taken by the Bolsheviks. During the civil war that followed it was occupied by White Russian troops for three months in 1919. In 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad, for Joseph Stalin, who had been notable in the defense of the city against the White Russians. During World War II, Stalingrad, a strategically located industrial center, was a vital German objective. A large German force mounted an assault on the city on August 20, 1942, after a period of heavy air raids. A successful Soviet counteroffensive began on November 19, and on February 2, 1943, the Sixth German Army surrendered, thus ending the German advance into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). German casualties alone totaled more than 300,000, and the Soviet city was almost completely destroyed. Reconstruction began immediately after the war. The city was renamed Volgograd in 1961. Yaroslavl, industrial city, capital of Yaroslavl- Oblast, central European Russia, port and railroad center on the Volga River. Manufactures include refined petroleum, motor vehicles, chemicals, synthetic rubber, machinery, processed food, and textiles. Points of interest in the city include a 13th-century church and monastery and three 17th-century churches containing noteworthy frescoes. Also noteworthy is Yaroslavl- University (1971), which has faculties in the physical and social sciences. According to tradition, Yaroslavl was founded in the early 11th century by Russian ruler Yaroslav the Wise of Kyyiv. From 1218 to 1463, when it was absorbed by Moscow, Yaroslavl- was the seat of an independent principality. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was an important commercial city on the route between Moscow and Arkhangel-sk. Commerce declined in the 18th century, and the city became known for the manufacture of textiles. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Yaroslavl- was developed as a center of heavy industry. Yekaterinburg, formerly Sverdlovsk, city, capital of Yekaterinburg Oblast, Russia, on the Iset River. Located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in a mineral-rich region, Yekaterinburg is a major industrial center and a station on the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Among the large industrial works located in the city are platinum refineries, copper and iron smelters, and factories producing electrical equipment, chemicals, and heavy machinery. Yekaterinburg's educational institutes include the Urals A. M. Gorkiy State University (1920) and the Yekaterinburg State Medical Institute (1931). The city was founded in 1721 by Czar Peter I as an ironworking center and was named Yekaterinburg for his wife, who was later proclaimed Empress Catherine I. Industrial development was spurred by the construction of the Great Siberian Highway in the late 18th century and the Trans-Siberian Railroad in the late 19th century. Czar Nicholas II and his family were held captive in the city by the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution and were executed here in 1918. The city was renamed Sverdlovsk in 1924 in honor of Bolshevik and Soviet leader Yakov M. Sverdlov. During World War II (1939-1945) industry from threatened European areas of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was transferred here. Following the disintegration of the USSR at the end of 1991, the city's name was changed back to Yekaterinburg.

§4

© 15. Listen, read and discuss your visit to the theatre (cinema):

Do You Enjoy It?

"Do you like to go to the theatre?"

"Oh, yes. I've got tickets for tomorrow."

"What's on?"

"A musical comedy. I'm sure I'll enjoy it."

"Who are you going with?"

"With a girl-friend of mine. She always enjoys a good laugh."

"Is it very difficult to get tickets for that comedy?"

"Well, yes. I'm sure there will be crowds' of hopeful people

outside the theatre doors tomorrow on the look-out² for a

chance ticket." "I see. Well, that explains everything. But you see, I like the

cinema better than the theatre. Last night I saw a film which

is based on an incident that really happened." "Did you enjoy it?" "Yes, I did, very much. I learned a lot from it. I'm sure it's true

to life."

¹ crowd [kraud] —TOJina; ² on the look-out — 3d. b owHAamiH

16. Read and ask your classmates questions about the theatre, the cinema and TV:

1. There are a lot of young people who like to go to the theatre. Explain your interest in the theatre.

My working day

I want to tell you about my working day. Every day I get up

at 7 o’clock. Then I do my morning exercises to the radio or

to cassette-recorder. At a quarter past seven I wash my hands and

faces. At half past seven I have breakfast. At 8 o’clock I go to the

college by taxi. Our classes begin at half past eight and end at

twenty minutes to three.

Every week at 3 o’clock we have classes in English

I return home at to or three o’clock in the afternoon. I don’t like to do my home-work just after school because I am really tired. So after lunch I have a rest. Later I go for a walk, play with my toys or read favorite books. I don’t watch TV in the afternoon. Then I do homework. It takes much time to get ready for my lessons, and I besides I must help my mother and find time for my hobby. In the evening it’s nice to talk with parents about school and our life.

It’s fun to watch TV or spend time with friends. I always go to bed at ten o’clock.

My friend’s family

My friend’s name is Lavrov. He lives in Moscow. His family is not very large. He has got a wife and two children. His wife’s name is Mary and his children’s names are Ann and Nick.

Comrade Lavrov’s wife is a young woman. She’s twenty nine years old. She’s a lecturer. She teaches English at the Institute of foreign languages. She’s got very many students. She hasn’t got bad students. Her students do well as a rule. My friend’s daughter is a girl of ten. She goes to school. She does a lot of subjects at school. She also learns English. She works hard and knows the language well. She doesn’t make many mistakes in English. She is a pioneer. She likes reading. She also helps her mother at home.

Text: The little red hen

This is the little red hen.

Her name is Jen or Jen the Hen.

Jen the Hen has three little chickens. They are little.

They are yellow. They are very, very nice.

Jen the Hen and her three chickens live in a little house in a forest. Jen the Hen has three friends.

They are a cat, a dog and a duck.

The cat’s name is Pam or the Cat. He is grey.

His eyes are green. His tail is long. He is a big fat cat.

The dog’s name is Tug or Tug the Dog.

She is black and white. Her eyes are brown.

Her ears are long. Her tail is short and funny.

She is a big dog.

The duck’s name is Chuck, or Chuck the Duck.

She is brown. Her tail is very short.

She is a big fat duck.

Read the nursery rhyme:

A wise old owl lived in an oak,

The more he saw

A wise old owl lived in an oak.

The more he saw the less he spoke

The less he spoke the more he heard.

Why can’t we all be like that wise old bird?

Puzzle

When I was going to St. Ives

I met a man with seven wives.

Every wife had seven sacks

Every sack had seven cats

Every cat had seven kits

Kits, cats, sacks and wives

How many were there going to St. Ives

Learn by heart

If a task is once began

Never leave it till it’s done

Be the labors great or small

Do it well or not at all

My working day

I want to tell you about my working day. Every day I get up at 7 o’clock. Then I do my morning exercises to the radio or cassette-recorder. At a quarter past seven I wash my hands and faces. At half past seven I have breakfast. I have tea with bread, cakes, fried eggs, sugar and butter. At 8 o’clock I go to the college by taxi. Our college is situated not far from our center. Our classes begin at half past eight and end at twenty minutes to three. We have four classes every day.

We have classes on week days, i.e. on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. On Sunday we have a rest.

Every week at 3 o’clock we have classes in English.

READ THE TEXT AND TRANSLATE

Text: Black Beauty

The book Black Beauty was written by Anna Sewell in 1877. Black Beauty is the name of a horse, who tells the story of his life. Though it is a book about a horse, the author describes different people in it.

My new master’s name was Jeremiah Barker, but as everyone called him Jerry, I shall do the same. Jerry said that Polly, his wife was the best of all the wives in the world. She was a little woman, with dark hair, dark eyes and a merry little mouth. Harry was twelve years old. He was a tall boy. And little Dorothy [Dolly they called her] was just like her mother, only, smaller, of course .She was eight years old. They all loved each other very much. I never, before or afterwards, knew such a happy, merry family.

Jerry had a cad and two horses. He groomed his horses himself and did it very well, I must say. His other horse, tall and strong, was called Captain. He was old now, but I am sure that when he was young, he was splendid .I asked him why he was called Captain. He told me that in his early youth he belonged to an officer in the cavalry who gave him this name.

The next morning, when Jerry had already groomed me, Polly and Dolly came into the yard to see me. Harry, who always helped his father in the morning, said about me, “I am sure that this horse will be not worse than our old horse asked ’’ Polly brought me an apple and Dolly a piece

of bread . They were so good to me I tried to show them that I liked them very much too, and that wished to be friendly.

Jerry and Captain worked all the morning. After school Harry came in to feed me and to give me some water. In the afternoon I began my work. Jerry put me into the cab, and you can

understand how happy I was.

We came to a large cab-stand. There were many cabs there, waiting for passengers. Some of the cabmen were standing together and talking. Other were sitting on their boxes and reading the newspaper. One or two were feeding their horses with hay.

Jerry stopped behind the last cab. Some of the men came up and began to look at me and give their opinions. One of them said that I was not a good horse for a cab. “You will see it very soon,” he said to Jerry. But Jerry only laughed and answered merrily, “We shall wait and see”

The first week of my life as a cad horse was very difficult for me. But soon I saw that I could trust my driver perfectly. This helped me very much.

In a short time my master and I understood each other very well. Jerry was not only a good drive. In the stable, too, he did all he could for his horses.

Some grooms go home and leave their horses with dry hay and without any water to drink.

But the best thing was our Sunday rest. We worked so much during the week that we needed rest.

Jerry understood it and gave us this rest. We did not work on Sundays.

VOCABULARY

Though [ ou ] – хотя

Afterwards [ a ft w dz ] – потом

Cab [ kab ] – наемный экипаж,кэб

Groom, to groom - конюх, чистить лошадь

To feed – кормить

Cab stand – стоянка извозчиков

hay – сено

Cab – horse – извозчичья лошадь

To trust – доверять

Stable - конюшня

First Journey

Mungo Park, a British explorer, is not so well know as some other African explorers. But he did very much to explore the course of the River Niger.

By 1793 three British explorers had gone to the little-known part of Africa to discover the source of the River Niger. Not one of them was able to carry out the task.

Now a new expedition had been prepared and Mungo Park wanted to take part in it.

Mungo Park was one of the thirteen children of a poor Scottish farmer. First he worked for a doctor, he wanted to learn the profession, then he entered the famous Medical School in Edinburgh.

In 1792 Mungo Park sailed to Sumatra as ship’s doctor. After coming back home he published a paper on eight new kinds of fish he discovered there.

At about this time one of his relatives, a botanist, took him to the Highlands*to travel in that part of Scotland. Here he introduced Mungo to another botanist, Joseph Banks.

Remembering Park’s scientific paper, Banks now recommended him to the people who were organizing the expedition to explore the Niger. So he was made leader of the expedition. In June of 1795 Mungo Park made his camp at the River Gambia. Then he began his journey. The route of Park’s small expedition lay across mountains. In one place most of the members of the expedition were captured by unfriendly Africans. Park was in a difficult situation, but he went on. He added every day to his notes, which he kept in his hat. He alone crossed the mountains and reached a village on the Niger. The people there did not want to tell him anything, so he decided to go back. With only his shirt, trousers and the had with the notes he was again in a very difficult situation. Often he slept in trees. Before Mungo Park got back to the mountains the rains started when he reached a friendly village, he could not stand on his feed. He lived in the village until the rains stopped and a caravan could leave for the west coast from which his expedition had started. After a long tropical illness he was able to make the journey down. He reached England after an absence of two and a half years. Park did not speak much about his expedition. He gave a few lectures and returned to Scotland to his family. In 1799 he published a book about his travels in Africa which was very popular. Then he returned to his profession and for years was a country doctor; but very often he thought about the Niger, about Africa. So when in 1803 a new expedition was organized, he agreed to be its leader

.

NEW WORDS

explorer

the little-known part

to discover the source

to carry out the task

a new expedition

a poor Scottish farmer

to learn the profession

he entered the famous Medical School

sailed to Sumatra

published a paper

new kinds of fish

his relatives

to travel in

introduced

Remembering

recommended him

to explore

made his camp

Tyypa эмес этиштер. Irregular verbs

Infinitive Этиштин жаксыз формасы	Past Этиштин ъткън чагы	Past participle Aтоочтуктун ъткън чагы	Meaning Maaниси
be [bi:]	was [w כz] were [w ә:]	been [bi.n]	болуу
beat [bi:t]	beat [bi:t]	beaten [bi:tn]	ypyy
begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gǽn]	begun [bi'gLn]	6aштoo
break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken [broukn]	6yзyy, cындырyy
bring [bri η]	brought [br כ:t]	brought [br כ:t]	алып кел\\
build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]	кypyy
buy [bai]	bought [bכ:t]	bought [bכ:t]	сaктап калyy
catch [kǽt∫]	caught [kכ:t]	caught [kכ:t]	кармап калуу
choose [t∫u:z]	chose [t∫ouz]	chosen [t∫ouzn]	тандoo
come [kLm]	came [keim]	come [kLm]	кел\\
cut [kLt]	cut [k/\t]	cut [kLt]	кес\\
do [du:]	did [did]	done [dLn]	жасоо
draw [drכ:]	drew [dru:]	drawn [drכ:n]	с\рът тартуу
dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt]	dreamt [dremt]	эёсъъ, самоо
drink [drink]	drank [drǽnk]	drunk [drLnk]	ич\\
drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drivn]	айдоо

eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten [’ i:tn ]	тамактануу
fall [fכ:l]	fell [fel]	fallen [fכ:lәn]	жыгылуу
feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	мактануу
feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	сез\\
fight [fait]	fought [fכ:t]	fought [fכ:t]	кармашуу
find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]	табуу
fly [flai]	flew [flu:]	flown [floun]	учуу
forget [fә’get]	forgot [fә’g כt]	forgetten [fә’gכtn]	унутуу
get [get]	got [g כt]	got [g כt]	алуу
give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given [’givn]	бер\\
go [gou]	went [went]	gone [g כn]	баруу
grow [grow]	grew [gru.J	grown fgroun]	ъс\\
have [hǽv]	had [hǽd]	had [hǽd]	болуу, бар болуу
hear [hiә]	heard [hә:d]	heard [hә:d]	угуу
hide [haid]	hid [hid]	hidden [’hidn]	бекит\\
hit [hit]	hit [hit]	hit [hit]	урунуу
hold [hould]	held [held]	held [held]	кармоо
hurt [hә:t]	hurt [hә:t]	hurt [hә:t]	оорутуу
keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	сактоо
know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]	бил\\
lay [lei]	laid [leid]	laid [leid]	жабуу
learn [lә:n]	learnt [lә:nt]	learnt [lә:nt]	\йрът\\
leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]	калтыруу, таштоо
lie [lai]	lay [lei]	lain [lein]	жатуу
lose [lu:z]	lost [l כst]	lost [l כst]	жоготуу

В английском языке есть 20 гласные звуки: [i], [i:], [L], [a:], [u], [u:], [e], [ә], [כ], [כ:], [ǽ], [ә:], [ou], [au], [ai], [כi], [ei], [iә], [eə], [uə]

В английском языке есть 24 согласные звуки. Английские согласные звуки:

[p], [b],[ t], [d], [k], [g], [s], [z], [Ө], [ð], [f], [v], [t∫], [dз], [∫], [з], [m], [n], [η], [l], [w],[j], [һ],[r].

Из них парные согласные: [p], [b], t], [d], k], [g], [s], [z], [Ө], [ð] , [f], [v] , [t∫], [dз], [∫], [з],

непарные звуки: [m], [n], [η], [l], [w], [j], [һ], [r].