МБОУ «Бирюковская СОШ».
Проектная работа по английскому языку по теме:
«Проблемы окружающей среды».
Выполнила:
Ученица 8 «а» класса
Ажимова Рамина
Руководитель:
Утегалиева Руфина Бегежановна, учитель иностранных языков.
Contents
ITRODUCTION……………………………….…………………………….3
CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?.......................................................4
CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE OF MAN IN ECOLOGY……………………….4
CHAPTER 3 WORLD ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEMS………………......5
CHAPTER 4. THE PROBLEMS OF REGION….…………………….........7
CHAPTER 5. RESEARCH…………………………………………………..8
CONCLUSION ………………….…………………………………………..9
USED MATERIAL…………………………………………………………
ITRODUCTION
Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The buy-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burned. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and rivers dry up.The protection of the environment is a universal concern. We must take serious measures to create a system of ecological security.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries, members of the United Nations Organization, have set up environmental protection agencies.
But these are only the initial steps that must be done to protect Nature, to save life of the planet for the sake of the present and the future generations.
The aim of our research work is to introduce environmental problems and show ways to help the Earth.
Tasks of our research work are:
to determine the main problems;
to give some advice to keep our environment clean;
to show different ways to solve the ecological problems
to tell about progressive decisions nowadays
to find out an attitude of students to environmental problems.
CHAPTER 1. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
The term ecology emerged at the end of the 20th century as one of the most popular and most important aspects of biology. Urgent problems in the affairs of men – growth of populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution, and all the sociological and political problems – are to a great degree ecological.
The word ecology was brought in by a German zoologist. Ernst Haeckel, who applied the term oecologie to the «relation of the animal both to its organic as well as well as its inorganic environment». The word comes from a Greek oikos, meaning “household, home, or place to live”.
The object of the ecology is to study the connection between the plants and animals with their physical and biological environment. Ecology has with time developed as the separate science resulting in more than just a branch of biology. The goal of ecology is not just the study of the different living organisms, but also of environment where these organisms live, and all factors that might have influence or which have influenced on life of living organisms in their natural environment. From its goal it can be clearly seen that ecology is very complex and comprehensive scientific discipline. Since ecology is very complex discipline it requires some other fields of science like hydrology, climatology, oceanography, chemistry, geology, etc, to be completely understandable and comprehensible.
CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE OF MAN IN ECOLOGY
The man appeared late in the Earth’s history, but was able to change the earth’s environment by its actions. Humans first appeared in Africa and they quickly spread throughout the world. Having unique mental and physical abilities, humans were able to change the environment to meet their needs.
Early humans obviously lived in harmony with the environment but they began the first prehistoric revolution. The ability to control and use natural resources led to the destruction of natural vegetation to and exhausting forests. Wild animals were killed for food and destroyed as pests and predators.
While human populations remained small and human technology modest, their impact on the environment wasn’t very defective. As population increased and technology improved and expanded, more significant and widespread problems appeared. Rapid technological advances after the Middle Ages culminated in the Industrial revolution, which involved the discovery, use, and exploitation of fossil fuels, as well as extensive exploitation of the earth’s mineral resources. With the industrial Revolution, humans began in earnest to change the face of the earth, the nature of its atmosphere, and the quality of its water. So while our life is becoming modernized, new and new environmental problems are appearing.
CHAPTER 3. World Environmental problems.
In recent years the number of environmental problems has increased greatly. One of the most dangerous problems for our planet is global warming which means that most climates all over the world are changing and getting warmer. It happens because we burn too much petrol resources, such as oil and coal, and the Earth heats up. This process can cause melting of the polar ice and the sea level rising in the future. If the climate changes there will be floods, heavy storms or severe droughts in different areas of the world. Cutting down on exhaust fumes from vehicles could help solve this serious problem. Because the Earth is getting hotter, ice is melting. Scientists say that in 2050 some parts of Great Britain
will be under the sea.
There are different kinds of environmental pollution: air pollution, water pollution, land pollution.
Every year world industry pollutes the ahmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises. The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelarussian and other nations.
Factories and plants dump industrial waste into the air. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breath.
Cars and buses put a lot of smoke into the air. There are too many cars nowadays. There are often traffic jams in big cities. They do a lot of harm to the atmosphere and ruin the beauty of the countryside because many new roads are built everywhere.
I’d like to add the railways are also one of the sources of pollution, especially locomotives. One locomotive exhausts as much harmful waste into the air as 40 or 50 cars.
You know that railway transport throws out into the atmosphere 300 kinds of harmful substances which change the structure of air. It’s very dangerous for the health of people.
The biggest pollutions on our planet are the result of fossil fuels use. Modern society is simply unthinkable without gasoline, oil, and coal, as they are dominating industrial world. The governments of rich states instead turning to alternative energy resources like wind energy, sun energy and geothermal energy are still more focused on decreasing the pollution caused by the use of fossil fuels rather than search for acceptable alternatives. Also, alternative energy resources are only used in rich countries in order to decrease the pollution in their own lands. To make things even worse, rich countries, more often than not, transfer their own dirty industries to poor countries that do not have nor the appropriate knowledge nor the means to even think about ecology, and are pretty much dependent on these obsolete technologies.
People make a lot of waste. Some of which is TOXIC. We pour toxic waste into
our rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. Chemical waste pollute river water, killing
wildlife .The pollution affects the health of people and animals.
CHAPTER 4. The problems of our region.
Saratov is located in the steppes which makes the landscape there mostly flat with a few small hills here and there. The main natural attraction of this area is the Volga River with its picturesque high riverbanks.
Unfortunately, much of this natural beauty is threatened by pollution from various factories of Saratov, Balakovo and other industrial cities in this region. The air in the city is polluted by car fumes as well.
Atkarsk is a small town.There are about 27 thousand people.The area of the city is 10,54 square km. There are two rivers in Atkarsk:the Atkara and the Medveditsa
One of the problems is shallowing of the rivers due to the fact that there is no dam there. This causes fish disappearance.
Another problem is lack of treatment facilities of good quality. That's why the river suffers from sewage waters. The common problem of all small rivers is polluting with wastes. Plastic bottles and packages, broken furniture, waste paper, building trash pollute the banks of the Atkara and the Medveditsa.
Cars and industries of the town add pollutants into the air. The main source of air pollution is the oil factory. Its smoke often spoils the air in the town. It releases harmful substances and people suffer from headache and sore throat.
One more problem in Atkask is burning of fallen leaves in autumn and dry grass in spring. When they are burnt, smoke is produced that makes the air dirty and difficult to breathe.
Sadly, not all people realize or admit that we are the ones who cause these problems and we should be the first to stop them and protect our environment.
СНАРTER 5. Research
« How environmentally aware are you?»
We made an opinion poll in our school and asked the following questions:
1. What does your family do with empty bottles?
А) take them to a recycling bin
B) return them to the supermarket
C throw them in the rubbish bin
2. When you buy one or two items at the supermarket, you
A) take a plastic carrier bag.
B) reuse an old plastic carrier bag.
C) use your own bag.
3. How often do you choose products which contain recycled materials?
A) always
B) never
C) sometimes
4. If you were asked to contribute to a Save the Animals project, you would
A) give generously.
B) give a small amount.
C) refuse to give anything.
5. A local beach has been polluted with oil. You
A) donate money for the clean-up project.
B) do nothing.
C) volunteer to help with the clean-up project.
6. You eat a chocolate bar in the street. What do you do with the wrapper?
A) drop it on the pavement
B) put it in a litter bin
С) save it for recycling
7. When you buy paper products, you
A) buy whatever is cheapest.
B) try to purchase recycled paper.
C) purchase recycled paper as long as it doesn't cost more.
8. When you clean your teeth, you
A) turn the tap on only when you need water.
B) leave the tap running until you have finished.
С) only use one glass of water.
Key: How environmentally aware are you?
1 A 3 B 2 C 0
2 A 0 B 2 C 3
3 A 3 B 0 C 2
4 A 3 B 2 C 0
5 A 2 B 0 C 3
6 A 0 B 2 C 3
7 A 0 B 3 C 2
8 A 2 B 0 C 3
mostly a's: You're not very green, are you? Please look after our world before it's too late!
mostly b's: You're trying to be more green but you don't always get it right. Learn more about the environment and think before.
mostly c's: Well done! You're really green! We need more people like you to help us save our environment!
The survey of 30 pupils of the 7th form showed:
25 % of respondents definitely care about the environment;
70 % of respondents have some good habits which help save it;
5 % of respondents do not worry about the environment.
In conclusion, all participants of our opinion poll understand the importance of solution of environmental problems.
Conclusion
In recent years people have understood the necessity of protecting natural resources and wildlife. It becomes clear that to keep air and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary.
Saving the environment is not an issue anymore. It is a survival truth. Individuals, organizations and governments need to come together. And join hands to protect what is left of our planet so that the future is not wiped out before it’s time for curtain call. Environmental problems have become of major social importance.
Fortunately, it is not too late to solve these problems. If everybody made a small effort to improve their local environment, pollution would be reduced gradually and the global situation would improve.
People have to think about all the ecological problems if they want to survive.
We think people should :
-use three golden rules R’s (reuse, reduce, recycle).
- plant more trees to make our country green,
- help animals to survive,
- clean rivers and lakes,
- feed animals in cold weather,
- be careful with farm waste,
- make laws to control pollution.
-live in harmony with nature,
People shouldn’t:
-built factories on river banks,
- turn rivers into dumps,
- use rivers for washing cars.
- burn toxic waste,
- cut down trees, which make air clean,
- dump old cars in forests,
- destroy animals’ habitat.
- pollute our environment,
-waste water, gas, energy.
We must think and care about the nature globally and locally. We must become environmentally friendly, be kind to nature be a friend of the planet. Our government must create recycling factories in our city and everywhere in Russia. People should be creative with their wastes. We must reuse our packages. We must think that we are personally responsible for our future, and our planet.
To sum up we’d like to use proverbs: “Think globally act locally”, “A tree is known by its fruit”, “If you don’t think about the future, you will not have it”. (John Galsworthy)
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