Вопросы для подготовки к дифференцированному зачёту английский язык по специальности: право и организация социального обеспечения

АВТОНОМНАЯ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКАЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ

ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ

«КУБАНСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ»

(АНПОО «КУБАНСКИЙ ИПО»)

УТВЕРЖДАЮ

Зам. директора по КОД и МР

__________ Т.В. Першакова

30.08.2023 г.

Вопросы для подготовки к дифференцированному зачету

ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык (Английский)

по специальности:

40.02.01 ПРАВО И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНОГО ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ

В результате изучения профессионального модуля студент должен	Номер теоретического вопроса	Номер практического задания
Уметь:
У1: общаться (устно и письменно) на иностранном языке на профессиональные и повседневные темы;	1-27	1-24
У2: переводить (со словарем) иностранные тексты профессиональной направленности;		9-24
У3: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять словарный запас.	1-27	1-24
Знать:
З1: Знать лексический (1200 - 1400 лексических единиц) и грамматический минимум, необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем) иностранных текстов профессиональной направленности.		9-24

Устные вопросы

Темы для устного опроса:

1. Описание людей: друзей, родных, и близких.

Представьтесь/представьте человека, о котором хотите рассказать.

Описать близкого родственника или члена семьи.

Опишите внешность, черты характера этого человека и ваши с ним отношения.

2. Межличностные отношения дома, в учебном заведении, на работе.

Представьте друга.

Опишите его черты лица и телосложение.

Расскажите о ваших с ним отношениях.

3.Повседневная жизнь, условия жизни, учебный день, выходной день.

Представьтесь.

Опишите то, чем вы занимаетесь в свой выходной день.

Расскажите, с кем вы проводите выходной день.

4. Новости, средства массовой информации.

Объясните, что такое СМИ.

Опишите, какими средствами массовой информации вы пользуетесь.

Расскажите, какую роль в жизни человека играет СМИ.

5.Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология).

Объясните разницу между погодой и климатом.

Опишите климат/погоду в России/Великобритании.

Расскажите, климат, какой страны вам нравится больше, и объясните почему.

6. Образование в России и за рубежом.

Опишите систему среднего образования в России.

Расскажите о системе высшего образования в Великобритании.

Объясните в чем отличие этих систем от системы Российского образования.

7.Общественная жизнь (повседневное поведение, профессиональные навыки иумения).

Представьтесь.

Расскажите какими видами спорта вы интересуетесь/увлекаетесь.

Объясните, почему спорт играет важную роль в жизни человека.

8. Моя будущая профессия – юрист

Опишите профессию юриста.

Объясните особенности данной профессии.

Расскажите о перспективах карьерного роста для начинающих юристов.

9 История развития юридического образования в России.

Опишите различные юридические факультеты.

Расскажите о истории развития юридического образования в России.

Объясните, почему юриспруденция играет важную роль.

10.Государственное устройство, правовые институты России.

Объясните, как вы понимаете понятие «государственное устройство».

Расскажите о видах государственного устройства.

Опишите, что входит в государственно устройство.

11.Основные аспекты юридической деятельности.

Дайте определение закону.

Опишите основные направления юридической деятельности.

Объясните, как юридическая деятельность влияет на жизнь человека.

12.История юридической деятельности.

Расскажите об истории юридической деятельности.

Опишите развитие юридической деятельности.

Расскажите про ее основные этапы.

13.Преступление и наказание.

Опишите понятие «преступление».

Расскажите об основных аспектах преступления.

Объясните, какие существуют виды наказаний.

14.Юридическое образование и профессия юриста в России и Великобритании.

Дайте определение слову «юрист».

Расскажите о юриспруденции в России.

Объясните особенности юриспруденции Великобритании.

15.Роль юриста в обществе. Известные русские и зарубежные юристы.

Дайте определение слову «закон».

Расскажите о важности роли деятельности юриста.

Расскажите об известных русских и зарубежных юристах.

16.Отрасли права.

Дайте определение гражданскому праву.

Расскажите, какие вопросы рассматривает гражданское право

Перечислите гражданские права.

17.Судебная власть в Англии и США.

Дайте определение базовым функциям суда.

Расскажите про систему английских судов.

Опишите структуру судебной власти Великобритании.

18.Юридические системы в России, Великобритании и США.

Опишите юридическую систему России.

Объясните принципы юридических систем Великобритании.

Расскажите об особенностях юридической системы США.

19.Преступность. Виды преступлений.

Объясните понятие «преступность».

Расскажите о видах преступлений.

Опишите меры борьбы с преступностью.

20. Система наказания. Высшая мера наказания

Дайте определение понятию «наказание».

Расскажите, какие виды наказания существуют.

Расскажите об особенностях высшей меры наказания

21. Международное право.

Дайте определение понятию «международное право».

Расскажите, какие вопросы изучает международное право.

Приведите примеры организации международного права.

22. Защита прав человека. Гражданские права.

Дайте определение понятию «права человека».

Опишите основные права человека.

Расскажите, какие вопросы рассматривает гражданское право.

23. Формы организации бизнеса.

Дайте определение понятию «бизнес».

Объясните особенности организации бизнеса.

Перечислите формы организации бизнеса .

24. Корпорации.

Дайте общую характеристику корпорации

Перечислите принципы и виды корпорации

Объясните отличие корпораций в России и зарубежном

25. Законодательная деятельность.

Опишите, что включает в себя законодательная деятельность.

Перечислите особенности законодательной деятельности.

Расскажите, как осуществляется законодательный процесс.

26. Менеджмент управления

Перечислите виды компаний.

Расскажите об особенностях управления компанией.

Опишите процесс привлечения капитала в управлении компанией.

Вариант 1

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст

Ex.1 Read the text. Translate it.

John Lennon

John Winston Ono Lennon was best known as a singer, songwriter, poet and guitarist for the British rock band The Beatles. His creative career also included the roles of solo musician, political activist, artist, actor and author.

As half of the legendary Lennon-McCartney songwriting team, he heavily influenced the development of rock music.

Many of his songs such as "Imagine" and «Strawberry Fields Forever «are often ranked among the best songs in popular music history. In 2002, the BBC conducted a vote to discover the 100 Greatest Britons of all time, and the British public voted Lennon into 8th place.

Lennon was born in Liverpool on 9 October, 1940. Both of his parents had musical backgrounds. After his parents' divorce Lennon lived with his aunt and her husband throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence.

John Lennon was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art. He didn't enjoy studying there and ultimately dropped out. He instead devoted himself to music, inspired by American Rock 'n' Roll and singers like Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and Buddy Holly. Lennon started playing rock 'n' roll in a band, which was later called The Beatles.

Lennon had a profound influence on rock and roll and in expanding the genre's boundaries during the 1960s. He is widely considered, along with songwriting partner Paul McCartney, as one of the most influential singer-songwriter-musicians of the 20th century.

John Lennon decided to quit the Beatles in 1970. Of the four former Beatles, Lennon had perhaps the most varied recording career.

Lennon was tragically killed in 1980 by the obsessed fan named Chapman. He fired five bullets. One bullet missed, but four bullets entered Lennon's back and shoulder.

When asked once in the 1960s how he expected to die, Lennon's offhand answer was «I'll probably be popped off by some loony» Although Lennon might have meant it as a joke and did not expect it to happen, the comment turned out to be chillingly accurate.

1. Работа с текстом

Задание. Answer for questions according to the text

1. What is John Lennon best known as?

2. What did his creative career also include?

3. What did Lennon heavily influence?

4. How are many of his songs ranked?

5. What did a vote conducted by the BBC discover?

6. Where did Lennon live after his parents' divorce?

7. Why did John Lennon drop out of the Liverpool College of Art?

8. What did he devote himself instead?

9. What was John Lennon's role in the development of music?

10. When did John Lennon decide to quit the Beatles?

11. What happened in 1980?

Вариант 2

1. Прочитайте тест. Переведите выделенный отрывок

Generation Gap Do you know what a generation gap is? Even if you don't know the particular definition, you are aware of this problem, basing on your own experience. Generation gap is a popular term used to describe serious differences between people of two generations. To realize how to deal with it, you should keep in mind that generation gap includes several aspects: children must know as much as possible about their parents and parents — about the world outlook of their children, about relations between brothers and sisters, and also about the attitude to them of close relatives on both sides — father's and mother's. Children demand a great deal of attention, time and patience, so, if you are not ready to devote all that to your baby, it is better not to hurry. There are many families where both parents keep working after giving birth to their baby. It is similar to the situation with a single-parent family, when a father or a mother hardly have enough time and neglect their children's upbringing. In such cases most of the time the child has to spend on his own or with his friends. Due to the fact that he has not got any guidance from his parents, he may be involved in some bad companies which commit violence or even crime and become alcohol or drug addicted. When the parents discover that, it's usually too late to change anything.

On the other hand, there is a different situation when the parents treat their children too strict and don't give them any freedom at all. In this case, the children may become pariahs among their peers. Constant bans may increase the risk that the child will grow up insolent and defiant. This causes another big problem — lying. The child is forced to lie to the parents because of the fear to be punished. It can be anything from putting on make-up in the girls' room at school to stealing. Some children rebel against discipline and family values. They listen to a loud music, wear inappropriate, to their parents' mind, clothes, dye their hair in inconceivable colours, have all their bodies pierced and tattooed trying to show their independence and establish their identity. They want to be treated as adults, but they are not ready to take all the necessary responsibilities. It doesn't mean that your child is bad and he will become a criminal. Of course, not! It only means that your child is in his transitional age and he is in need of your understanding and support.

But how to handle such behaviour? Parents should become his close friends. First of all they should learn to respect his interests. Try to speak with him as often as possible, offer some parent-child activities like shopping or going in for sports. It is worth involving the child in discussing some family questions, just to show that he is a full member of the family. Moreover, children in their teens are very vulnerable when they are criticized in public, so try to avoid it. Parents should always be honest and sincere with their child; otherwise it would be unfair to require the same "rom him.

Too authoritarian parents can't do any good to their children as well as parents who overindulge all the child's caprices. Overindulgence may lead to the same results as negligence. There are parents who are afraid of hurting the child by banning something when it is necessary. Such parents risk becoming powerless in the family and losing control over their children who may become spoiled and capricious. It demands to make a great effort from both parents and children to reach mutual understanding. There are many different opinions on the question of treating children if they disobey their parents, but every parent should decide for himself what will be best for his child and set him on the right path.

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are the reasons of misunderstanding between parents and their children?

2. Why do a teenager can be involved into a bad company?

3. What happens if parents treat their children too strict?

4. How can teenagers rebel against their families?

5. How can parents become close friends to their children?

6. Is overindulgence dangerous?

1. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. There are a lot of rivers and lakes in … North of Russia.

2. The works of artists from around … Mediterranean Sea basin went on display in London.

3. The oldest living tree in the world grows in … California.

4. Numerous conferences were held to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including … Aral Sea.

5. Magda comes to work by … taxi.

6. Bats and owls generally hunt at … night.

7. The revival of … Olympic Games was also heavily influenced by the amateur ethos of the English public schools.

8. … Pushkin is a well- known Russian poet.

9. … sun is shining brightly.

10. Everyone in our country knows Lomonosov, the founder of … first Russian Academy.

1. Выберите правильную форму глагола "to be".

1. Alice (is, am, are) a student.

2. Alice and Mary (is, am, are) fifteen.

3. Bob (is, am, are) a doctor.

4. Mary (is, am, are) in her room now.

5. Bob (is, am, are) at school now.

6. Mary (is, am, are) a homemaker.

7. Alice (is, am, are) her daughter.

8. Bob and Mary (is, am, are) their children.

9. Tom (is, am, are) in Moscow.

10. John and Bob (is, am, are) in St. Petersburg.

11. We (is, am, are) in Moscow.

12. Ted (is, am, are) in New York.

Вариант 3

1. Прочитайте текст. Переведите выделенный отрывок

I’m in the first year at the university, where I’m studying English and hotel management. My elder sister, Betty, is studying public relations at the same university. Betty can organise her time wisely, whereas I do not know what order I should do things in. I find it hard to get up on time, and usually I do not get enough sleep. I have to wind up two alarm clocks to make sure I do not oversleep.

My sister, an early riser, is awake by 7 o’clock, refreshed and full of energy. While I’m wandering round the kitchen, fighting the urge to go back to bed, my sister manages to have a quick shower, make her bed, put on make up, eat a full breakfast and set off to the university. It takes me an hour and a half to get ready. I have a hasty bite and rush out of the house. Even if I catch a bus at once, I still arrive at the university 15 minutes late, which always makes me feel guilty.

My studies keep me busy all day long. I have 10 hours of English a week. I also have lectures and seminars. At lunchtime I meet up with my sister and we have a snack at the university café. After classes I make myself go to the library where I spend about six hours a week reading for my seminars.

My sister and I come home tired. I always find excuses to put off my homework. Unlike me, my sister manages to do the housework and get down to homework. I like the idea of going to bed early, but quite often I have to sit up late, brushing up on my grammar and vocabulary, though I feel sleepy. My sister says that keeping late hours ruins one’s health. Of course, I agree.

As my sister and I do not get any time off during the week, we try to relax at the weekends. One of my greatest pleasures is to lie in bed and read my favourite books. My sister is a sporty person. To keep herself fit, Betty goes for a run in the park; from time to time she works out in the gym.

I hate staying in, and sometimes on Saturday night my sister takes me out to a concert or a play. Sometimes we go to a party or to a disco. But more often than not I end up catching up on my studies and my sister goes out. I wonder how I manage to spoil my leisure time.

Every Monday when I awaken I think I should start a new life. I honestly think that I must become well-organised and correct my daily routine. I make plans to go to keep-fit classes, to go shopping with my sister, to do the cleaning and a hundred other good things. But then I remember that I have to call on my school friend in the evening, and I put off my plans till next Monday. It is always better to start a new life in a week.

1. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What did she do yesterday, do you think? What will she do tomorrow?

2. Write out the things Kate does a) in the morning; b) in the afternoon; c) in the evening. Add the things which you do during the day, but Kate doesn’t. Compare Kate’s usual day with yours.

3. Is Kate a well-organised person? What makes you think so?

4. What about you? Are you a very organized person or not? Prove it.

5. Would you like to change your daily routine? What would you like to do about it?

1. Раскройте скобки, используя Present Simple.

Mary (1) __________ (wake) up at 7.00. Then she (2) __________ (get) up at 7.30 and she (3) __________ (go) to the bathroom. She (4) __________ (have) a shower, (5) __________ (brush) her teeth and (6) __________ (comb) her hair. Afterwards she (7) __________ (have) breakfast. Ten minutes later she (8) __________ (take) her bag, (9) __________ (kiss) her mother and (10) __________ (catch) a bus to school with her friend Diana. They (11) __________ (start) school at 9.00. They (12) __________ (not/have) lunch at the school canteen. At three o’clock they (13) __________ (return) home.

In the afternoon, she (14) __________ (study) her lessons and (15) __________ (ride) her bicycle. In the evening she (16) __________ (help) her mother prepare the dinner. After dinner she (17) __________ (watch) TV, her mother (18) __________ (read) a magazine and her father (19) __________ (go) to bed earlier since he (20) __________ (be) always the first in the family to get up.

1. На основе вопросов составьте рассказ о своём рабочем дне

What time do you get up?

Where do you have breakfast?

What do you have for breakfast?

Do you go to school in the morning or in the afternoon?

What time do you have lunch?

What do you do in the afternoon?

When do you do your homework?

Do you have a shower before going to bed?

Do you watch TV at night?

What is your favorite TV programme?

What time do you go to bed?

Вариант 4

1. Прочитайте и переведите выделенный фрагмент

In the past people learnt about news from newspapers. Nowadays people usually learn what is happening in the country and in the world from TV or radio news programmes or from the Internet.

We cannot imagine our life without newspapers. There are dozens of them on every news-stand. There are newspapers for professionals, for businessmen, for children and teenagers, for men, for women, for sports fans, for those who are interested in gardening and for those who keep pets.

Some newspapers publish serious articles on politics, economy and finance, some aim to entertain their readers. Many newspapers express certain political opinion and people choose them according to their own political beliefs. In short, you can always find a paper which suits your interests.

There are two main types of newspaper: “broadsheets” and “tabloids”. Broadsheets are often larger than tabloids, and are “serious” newspapers. They present the news in detail, and do not have many stories about the private lives of famous people. Tabloids, on the other hand, are much more interested in news and scandals involving stars than they are in serious news. They often have very big headlines, particularly on the front page, and have lots more photographs.

Besides, there are many free local newspapers which are put into your postbox whether you ask for it or not. Probably they are not interesting, because they consist mainly of advertisements, but you can find a lot of useful telephone numbers and addresses there.

TV, radio and the Internet have their advantages but nothing can substitute newspapers.

1. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Do you read newspapers regularly?

2. What kind of newspapers do you prefer?

3. Does your family subscribe to any newspaper?

4. What are two main types of newspapers?

5. Do you prefer to read broadsheets or tabloids?

6. What “quality”, “broadsheet” newspapers do you know?

7. What does a “tabloid” mean?

8. Is tabloid press much more popular than the quality press?

9. Do you follow sports news in newspapers?

10. Do you read reviews of new films and books?

1. Сопоставьте английские слова с русскими эквивалентами

1.documentary 2. to subscribe 3. subscription 4. tabloid 5. choice 6. paperbacks 7. column 8. channel 9. broadcast 10. current 11. TV listings 12. satellite 13. violent 14. viewers 15. available 16. weekly 17. entertainment 18. commercial

а) бульварная газета b) книга в бумажной обложке c) подписываться (на газету и др.) d) документальный фильм e) подписка f) колонка (в газете) g) выбор h) трансляция, радиовещание i) жестокий j) спутник k) зрители l) доступный m) развлечение n) реклама о) текущие события p) канал (на ТВ) q) программа (передач) r) еженедельный

1. Заполните пропуски словами из предыдущего упражнения

1) News is _____ at regular intervals and there is discussion of _____ both national and international.

2) The channels of British television keep people informed about current events, the latest achievements in science and culture and offer some programmes which are both informative and ______.

3) Our family ______ to some newspapers and the “Book review” magazine.

4) There is also serious concern about the negative effects of some TV shows in which scenes of ________ are presented.

5) In London people have a choice between a few TV ______: BBC1 , BBC2 and some commercial _______.

Вариант 5

1. Прочитайте текст и переведите выделенный отрывок

The air over urban and industrial centers has become foul and the waters — filthy. Clouds of factory smoke above our cities used to be a sign of growth and prosperity, but now we know that health can be seriously harmed by air pollution. Property damage by air pollution can cost billions of dollars each year. About 30 per cent of today's air pollution comes from factories and electric power plants, and about 50 per cent from car, truck and bus exhaust. Polluted air dirties our clothing, our buildings, and our homes. Air pollution, by stunning the growth of trees and plants, also reduces agricultural productivity and adds to the price people must pay for food. Burning fossil fuel in cars and factories releases pollutants into the air. Then dust and moisture combine in the atmosphere to form acids in clouds, and eventually there is an acid rainfall or snowfall. The results are deadly. Acid rain kills fish and plants in lakes. It also builds up in the soil and damages crops. It wears away building surfaces. Blown by winds, the acid rain may fall far from the source of pollution. Water is considered polluted when it cannot be used for its intended purposes, such as drinking, recreation, farming, or manufacturing. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers used by farmers and home owners pollute streams, rivers, and ground water when they are transported by rain-water runoff. Modern technology produces massive amount of wastes. Unlike ordinary household and commercial garbage that can be safely dis- posed of in open pits or other types of dumps, industrial wastes are often toxic (poisonous). That is why a nuclear power plant or an enterprise producing chemicals can become an environmental nightmare. Toxic wastes deposited at dump sites have already contaminated the land, air and underground water in the immediate areas in many countries. This threatens the health and well-being of those who live nearby.

1. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам

1. It often rained in Moscow last summer.

2. It was raining when we went out yesterday.

3. It never snows in these countries.

4. It snowed all day long yesterday.

5. It began raining early in the morning.

6. The day before yesterday it rained heavily.

7. When it stopped raining, we went home.

8. It stopped snowing at 3 o'clock.

1. Выберите правильную форму.

1. I want you (giving/to give/gives/give) me some information.

2. These new houses (had built/were built/have been built/will be built) two years ago.

3. You seem (having lost/being lost/to be lost/ to have lost) weight.

4. I didn't like the idea of (to go/going/gone/ go) to the cinema.

5. Helen enjoys (reading/having read/to have read/to be read) books.

6. She suggested (having gone/gone/going/ to go) to the gym.

7. (Hear/To hear/Having heard/Heard) of their arrival, he decided to visit them.

8. (Asking/To ask/Being asked/ Asked) to take her at the station I went there quickly.

Вариант 6

1. Прочитайте текст

The British educational system

The basic features of the British educational system are the following:

Education is compulsory for all children from 5 to 16;

The academic year usually begins in September and runs to early July; it has 3 terms, divided by Christmas and Easter holidays. In addition, all schools have a “half-term holiday”, lasting a few days or a week, in the middle of each term;

Compulsory education is free of charge, but parents may spend money on educating their children if they want to;

There are three stages of education. children move from the first stage (primary) to the second stage (secondary) at around the age of eleven or twelve. The third stage is “further” education at university or college.

At the age of 5 children go to infant schools which are the first stage of primary education. there is no written timetable and classes are informal. From 7 to 11 they attend junior schools, the second stage of primary education. In primary school children are taught the so-called 3 R’s: reading, writing and arithmetic. They also have music, physical training and art classes.

At the age of 11 children enter secondary schools. There are four types of state secondary schools in Britain: grammar schools (for the most intelligent children), modern and technical schools and comprehensive schools (for children of all abilities). Grammar schools lead towards higher education, and the others give general or vocational education to prepare students for employment or for further technical education. The regular secondary schools offer 7 years of schooling, with students from 11 to 18 years of age. The last two years (16-18) they may spend in a separate sixth form college, which concentrates on career training.

In 1988, for the first time in British history, a National Curriculum was introduced. The National Curriculum tells pupils which subjects they have to study, what they must learn and when they have to take assessment tests.

Between the ages of 14 and 16, pupils study for their GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) exams. Pupils must take the English language, Math, and Science for GCSE, as well as half GCSE in a foreign language and Technology. In addition, they must also be taught Physical Education, Religious Education and Sex Education, although they do not take exams in these subjects.

Those who get good GCSE grades can stay at their school for another two years, if it has a sixth form and teaches the desired subjects, and then take “A” Level (Advanced Level) exams. Otherwise they have to leave their school and go to a sixth form college or a college of further education. further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry and offer courses in engineering, cooking or hairdressing.

The GCE Advanced (A) Level is normally taken after a further two years of study. Good “A” Level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. Universities choose their students after interviews. There are about 100 universities in Britain. The most famous are Oxford and Cambridge universities.

Along with the state schools, there are about 500 private schools in Britain. Most of them charge fees. Some private schools are boarding schools, where children actually live in the school. Many schools admit day pupils as well as boarders. Private schools usually offer only the most academic line, and select those students who are most likely to succeed. The most expensive private schools are called “public” schools and they have a long history and traditions. Among the most famous public schools are Winchester, Eton, Westminster, Rugby and Harrow.

1. Выберете какие из приведенных ниже утверждений являются верными, а какие нет.

1. There are four basic features in the educational system.

2. School education is compulsory.

3. The academic year is divided into 4 terms.

4. Education isn’t free of charge.

5. There are three stages of education.

6. Infant schools are the first stage of secondary education.

7. There is no written timetable in primary school.

8. Children are taught reading, writing, arithmetic and some other subjects.

9. There are four types of secondary schools in Britain.

10. Comprehensive schools are for any children.

11. Grammar schools are for those who want to enter a university.

12. In the National Curriculum one can find information about time to have assessment tests.

13. At sixteen you can get GCSE.

14. There are two ways after finishing secondary school.

15. Good “A” level results can lead you to a university.

16. There are ninety universities in Britain.

17. There are private schools in Britain.

18. All private schools are boarding schools.

19. The cheapest schools are called “public schools”.

20. Eton is one of public schools.

1. Выберете верное слово

1. Students in England and Wales are expected to pay money towards their tuition fees/fares/prices (in Scotland they are free).

2. A student at university for the first time is called a/an graduate /undergraduate /pre-graduate.

3. After leaving school, and before going to university, many young people take a/an gap/space/open year (=a year out of education) in order to get work experience, earn money or travel.

4. Students who need help paying for their university course can apply for a government lend /loan/lease.

5. Because so many students find exams stressful, many universities combine exam results with a process of continuing /continual /continuous assessment in order to grade their students at the end of a course of study.

6. Students apply for a place at university in January or February, and encroachment /entrapment /enrolment usually takes place in September.

7. A talk given to a class of students at university is known as a lesson /lecture /lectern.

8. A meeting of a small group of university students to discuss a subject with a teacher is called a semester /semolina /seminar.

9. Some students in exceptional circumstances might receive a grant /grunt /gaunt to help pay for education.

10. A/an ante-graduate /postgraduate /graduate-plus is someone who is studying after receiving a first university degree.

11. A teaching session between a teacher and one or more students at university is called a tutorial /tutelage /tutor.

1. Дополните предложения словами, приведенными выше

nursery. state, co-educational, primary, secondary, uniform, voluntary, public, religious, careers, further, higher, language, A-Levels (A = Advanced), prosecute, compulsory, National Curriculum

1. When they are 16 or 17, many young people go to their local college to continue with their education or learn a skill. This is known as … education, and is free for people up to the age of 19.

2. All children receive … advice from their schools from the age of 14.

3. All schools have to run … education classes, but parents can withdraw their children from these classes if they want.

4. Independent schools are privately run, but are often confusingly called … schools.

5. Schools often ask parents to make … contributions for school activities, but children will not be excluded from these activities if the parents cannot or will not make these payments.

6. Although education is free, parents are expected to pay for their child's school … and sports wear.

7. Between the ages of 11 and 16, 17 or 18, children go to … school.

8. Between the ages of 5 and 11, children go to … school.

9. Most schools in the UK are …-…, which means that girls and boys are educated together.

10. Most schools in the UK are … schools: they are supported with money from the government and provide free education for children.

11. Many children begin their educational development at a … school (also called a kindergarten) from the age of either leaving school or continuing with their education.

12. People who want to develop and improve their English can join an ESOL course at a local college. ESOL is an abbreviation for English for Speakers of Other ….

13. Students who continue with their secondary education until they are 18 take exams called …-…: they will normally need these to get into university.

14. If parents fail to ensure their children go to school, they could be …. In extreme cases, this might involve a prison sentence.

15. Education is free and … for all children between the ages of 5 and 16.

16. State schools have to follow the … …, which covers such subjects as English, mathematics, science, history, geography, foreign languages, etc.

Вариант 7

1. Прочитайте текст

Ex.1 Read the text and translate it

Travelling by car

Travelling is one of the most pleasant pastimes for me. I love seeing new places, meeting new people and learning about other cultures. There are many ways to travel, for example, by train, by plane, by bus, by car, by ship. I prefer travelling by car, because it gives the freedom of movement.

There is nothing better than travelling by a fast car. Travelling by car opens plenty of opportunities from the comfort of your seat. It is a more personal experience, for there you can drive yourself. You just sit down at the steering wheel, start the motor, step on the accelerator with your foot and off goes the car. You can go as slowly or as fast as you wish, stop when and where you choose; you park the car on the side of the road, get out and go wherever you like.

It is quite true that driving a car has some disadvantages. In town it is rather a nuisance with all those traffic «jams» or «hold - ups», round-abouts, detours and so on. It is not pleasant at all when you ride on a bumpy road or get a flat tyre, or still worse, when you get stuck in the mud.

But what can be better than a spin in a car on a week-end with your friend? As soon as you get out of the crowded town and see a long wide road in full view, what a thrill it is to feel the car rush forward at a touch of your foot, to feel the wind in your face, to see houses, trees find people flash past, to feel the real joy of speed.

Suppose you are on vacation and have decided to take a trip in a car. What magnificent views you behold on your way — green fields, a road winding its way up the mountain with steep, grey cliffs on one side and a deep precipice on the other, a shining expanse of the sea wrapped in a blue noonday haze, the woods, the rows of acacia that stretch along the streets of the towns you pass through. Indeed your impressions are unforgettable.

Of course, every travel mode has its pros and cons. Everybody would agree that travelling by car is fast and comfortable. You don’t have to wait for the right time, as you do with public transport. You have enough privacy and you don’t have to share space with strangers. You can listen to your favourite music or radio channel. You can park wherever you need, which is impossible when travelling by train or plane. However, there are certain disadvantages. For example, cars are considered to be the most dangerous means of transport. There are thousands of car accidents on the roads. Apart from that, petrol is getting more and more expensive. Unfortunately, modern cars cannot function without it. Last but not the least the drivers have to change the car wheels depending on the season. Despite all these disadvantages, I still like travelling by car and find it to be the most comfortable way of travel. I hope to buy my own car when I’m older.

1. Ответьте на вопросы, опираясь на материал текста

Ex.2 Answer for questions:

1. What are advantages of travelling by car?

2. What are disadvantages of driving a car?

1. Заполните пропуски в предложениях

Ex.3 Complete the sentences with the appropriate words. Use only one word in each gap: miss, ferry, compartments, accommodation, take off.

1. The pilot has just announced that we are going to ______ in ten minutes.

2. A travel agency arranges _______ and book tickets.

3. If you don’t hurry up, we are going to _______ our train.

4. You can go by _________ from England to France.

5. Different sections of a train are called ________ .

6. If you are late for a flight, the plane will _______ without you.

1. Устный опрос

Discuss about travelling; types of travelling; travelling abroad; advantages and disadvantages of tourism; popular tourist destinations in your country; places, which you want to visit; travelling on your own and travelling in a group; the best and the worst travelling experience; active and relaxing holidays; travel with a luggage or without.

Вариант 8

1. Прочитайте текст

The Olympic Games

The Olympic Games have a very long history. They began in 777 BC in Greece and took place every four years for nearly twelve centuries at Olympia. They included many different kinds of sports: running, boxing, wrestling, etc. All the cities in Greece sent their best athletes to Olympia to compete in the Games. For the period of the Games all the wars stopped. So the Olympic Games became the symbol of peace and friendship.

In 394 AD the Games were abolished and were not renewed until many centuries later.

In 1894, a Frenchman, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, addressed all the sports governing bodies and pointed out the significance of sports and its educational value. Two years later the first modern Olympic Games took place. Of course, the competitions were held in Greece to symbolize the continuation of the centuries-old tradition.

In 1896 the International Olympic Committee was set up. It is the central policy-making body of the Olympic movement. It is formed by the representatives of all countries which take part in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee decides upon the program of the games, the number of the participants and the city-host for the Games. Over one hundred and fifty countries are represented in the International Olympic Committee now. Besides, each country has its National Olympic Committee.

Summer and Winter Games are held separately. There are always several cities wishing to host the Games. The most suitable is selected by the International Committee. After that the city of the Games starts preparations for the competitions, constructs new sports facilities, stadiums, hotels, press centres. Thousands of athletes, journalists and guests come to the Games, and it takes great efforts to arrange everything. There is always an interesting cultural program of concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc., for each Games.

Russia joined the Olympic movement in 1952. Since then it has won a lot of gold, silver, and bronze medals. In 1980 Moscow hosted the Twenty- Second Olympic Games. The latest Olympic Games were held in London. Russian sportsmen got medals for their records in many sports events.

1. Вставьте пропущенные слова в предложения

Ex. 2 Put each of the following words in its place in the sentence

On for of up at in between

1. Which team does he play ____?

2. She put _____ her tracksuit.

3. There’s an excellent race taking place ____ the track.

4. I’m not very good ______ running.

5. She’ s the best player _____ the team.

6. There was a crowd _____ 50000______ the stadium.

7. The result _____ the football match was 2:2 draw.

8. The match was _____ Argentina and Brazil.

9. A runner-up comes second ______ in a race or competition.

10. I think I’ll take _____swimming next spring and give ___ golf.

1. Соедините слова с их определениями

Ex.3 Match each word with its definition

Draw; team; player; amateur; professional; spectator; crowd; referee; match; score

1.someone who plays a sport, e.g. a football player

2. number of goals or points each player or team has

3. group of sportsmen who play together

4. person who controls the game

5. someone who plays a sport as a paid job

6. game, e.g. football

7. someone who plays a sport only for enjoyment, not for money

8. group of people who watch a sporting event

9. person who watches a sporting event

10. completed game in which neither player or side wins.

1. Устный опрос

Discuss about sport: talk about your favorite types of sport; favorite sportsmen; what do you prefer more – watch or do sport: why; which positive influence has sport on your health and lifestyle; what do you know about Olympic games;

Вариант 9

1. Read and translate the fragment from the text

«Political System of Russia»

The Russian Federation is a Presidential (or a constitutional) republic. The President is the head of the state and is elected directly by the people. In fact he has much power, he controls all the three branches of power. The President can even dissolve the Duma if he doesn't agree with his suggestions three times running. The President has his administration, but it's not part of the Federal Government. The President is involved in the work of the legislative and executive branches.

The Federal Assembly represents the Legislative branch of power. It's made up of the two houses: the Federation Council and the State Duma, which make laws. The Federal Assembly is also called the Parliament, but it's not its official name. Both chambers are headed by chairmen sometimes called speakers. The Duma consists of 450 deputies (one half is elected personally by the population, and the other half consists of the deputies who are appointed by their parties after voting). The members of the Federation Council are elected on a different basis. There are two representatives of each subject of the RF (89 subjects). Every law to be adapted must be approved by the State Duma, the Council of Federation and signed by the President. The President can veto laws passed by the Federal Assembly, but it can pass laws over the President's veto a two-thirds majority.

The Federal Government represents the executive branch of power. The President appoints its head, the Chainman of the Government, but the Dums must approve his appointment.

The judicial branch of power consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and lower Courts. The responsibility of the Constitutional Court is to analyse the new laws to make sure they correspond to the laws of the state. The Constitutional Court has the right to declare actions of the President, the Federal Assembly and the Federal Government unconstitutional. The Supreme Court is the higest instance for civil and criminal cases.

2. Answer the following questions to the text.

a) Who is the Head of the state?

b) What does the Federal Assemble represent?

c) Who represents the executive branch of power?

 

d) How many deputies are there in the Duma?

e) What does the judicial branch consist of?

3. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents.

National, President, symbol, constitutional, federal, republic, Prime Minister, parliamentary, patriotic, official, policy, action, emblem, department.

4. Match the expressions and their Russian equivalents.

1. The Federal Assembly                   a) парламентская республика

2. The Federation Council                 b) республика

3. The State Duma                            c) Федеральный совет

4. A republic                                     d) государственная дума

5. The deputies                                 e) федеральное собрание

6. A parliamentary republic               f) депутаты

7. The Constitutional Court               g) Верховный суд

8. The Supreme Court                       h) Совет министров (правительство)

9. The Council of Ministers               i) Конституционный суд.

5. Complete the following sentences, giving your opinions.

1. In my opinion, most politicians…..

2. If I were Prime Minister or President of my country I would…..

3. The political system in my country is…..

4. I wish politicians would……

5. In an ideal world………

Вариант 10

1. Прочитайте текст

1.1. Read and translate the fragment from the text

Faculties of Law in Great Britain are very popular, but it is rather difficult to enter them, because the requirements to the entrants are strong, especially con­cerning the language: foreign students must get 6,5 points in IELTS to study for the bachelor. A Bachelor’s degree can be obtained after 3—4 years of studying. To enter the university the entrant must finish school and pass through A-level exams. All legal education programmes in British universities are bound with social knowledge. Students can specialize in different areas of law. It is possible to get a Master’s and Doctor’s degree.

The best universities of legal education in Great Britain are the University of Warwick, the University of Aberdeen, the University of Liverpool and the University of Essex. Among the graduates of these universities are such famous persons as lords Birckenhed and Shawcross, the latter was the prosecutor in Nuremberg trial.

Many people after graduating the faculty of law in Great Britain work as lawyers. In England there are two groups of lawyers: solicitors and barristers. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have a right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest court. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers.

Solicitors do much of the initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as handling legal work which does not come before a court such as drawing up wills and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Now the tendency is to remove the division between barristers and solicitors.

Lawyers with the same qualification and professional title may do very dif­ferent kinds of work. Some of them work in small firms of attorneys, they are in daily contact with ordinary people, giving advice and acting on matters such as consumer affairs, traffic accident disputes and contracts for the sale of land. Such lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work, while lawyers working in large law firms or employed in the law department of a large commercial enterprise work on highly specific areas of law.

1. Выберите предложения соответствующие и несоответствующие содержанию текста

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. To enter the university the entrant must leave school and pass through А-level exams.

2. In England there are two groups of lawyers: solicitors and barristers.

3. Solicitors specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge.

4. Barristers handle legal work which does not come before a court such as drawing up wills.

5. Lawyers with the same qualification and professional title may do different kinds of work.

1. Устный опрос

Tell about legal secretary profession: legal secretary profession; job duties; skills and knowledges which you need to be a good legal secretary; places of work; social significance and professional tasks of the legal secretary

Вариант 11

1. Read the following text.

Law Faculty

The Law Faculty of the St. Petersburg University is one of its three oldest faculties. Many outstanding Russian lawyers are known to have graduated from this faculty. The names of Spasovich, a distinguished criminologist, or Alexandrov, a prominent lawyer who served as the counsel for defense in Vera Zasulich case, are well-known to the students of law. Now the faculty is entrusted with the task of producing highly qualified specialists in law and advancing the frontiers of knowledge by research. They are training officers for law-enforcement bodies as well as practicing and academic lawyers in all branches of law.

There are ten departments at the faculty: 1) The Department of Theory and History of State and Law; 2) The Department of International Law; 3) The Department of State and Administrative Law; 4) The Department of Civil Law; 5) The Department of Civil Procedure; 6) The Department of Commercial Law; 7) The Department of Labour Law: 8) The Department of Criminal Law; 9) The Department of Criminal Procedure and Criminology; 10) The Department of Legal Protection of Environment.

The teaching staff is a highly qualified body of professors, readers and lecturers. They give lectures, seminars and practical classes in a broad variety of subjects covering historical and modern aspects of law. For students in their junior years attendance is obligatory, the undergraduate programme being the same for every student irrespective of his/her future specialization in a particular area of law. The main objective of studying at the law faculty is to acquaint students with the massive structure of human knowledge and experience which has been created through centuries in the field of law and also to promote their understanding of the present legal problems and issues.

Along with some compulsory courses graduates are offered an option of lectures and seminars for more profound training in specific branches of academic and practical jurisprudence. They are advised in their first efforts to undertake independent research in the fields they chose for themselves. Law students also study foreign languages as part of the curriculum as quite often their choice may геquire a thorough knowledge of some foreign language.

The main library of the University anHits divisions at the Law faculty are the disposal of the students. The library has a valuable collection of volumes on every aspect of human knowledge; it also includes a large number of periodicals devoted to various problems of jurisprudence, such as law reviews and law published in this and other countries by law schools, universities and legal institutions of the national and international importance.

The faculty is concerned with the exploration of career possibilities for its graduates in keeping with the individual's interests, experience and academic training, and for that purpose establishes contacts with a wide variety of potential employers.

2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. Is the law faculty one of the oldest among the other faculties?

2. Which outstanding Russian lawyers have graduated from this faculty?

3. What task is the law faculty entrusted with now?

4. How many departments are there at the faculty at present?

5. How can you characterize its teaching staff?

6. What is the main objective of studying at the law faculty?

7. Is it necessary for law students to study foreign languages?

8. What kinds of courses are offered to law students and graduates?

9. What kinds of books are at the disposal of students at the law faculty?

10. What is the law faculty concerned with?

3. Translate these words into Russian

Outstanding, distinguished lawyer, to graduate from, practicing and academic lawyer, curriculum, specialized course, teaching staff, a highly qualified specialist, area of law, compulsory course, an option of lectures and seminars, a thorough /profound knowledge, a valuable collection, to be concerned with, academic training, potential employer.

4. Discuss the following points.

1. Prepare a short report on the curriculum of the law faculty you are studying at.

2. Explain how the law faculty departments differ from one another.

3. Give your arguments for and against compulsory and optional attendance of lectures.

4. What do you know about the law faculties of other universities?

Вариант 12

1. Read the text.

Legal education and profession of lawyer in Russia

In Russia the system of legal education has been influenced by Western European legal education. Federal legislation regulates educational establishments in great detail. University law faculties are separately administrated parts of a central university, headed by deans, which sometimes have their own buildings and libraries.

Admission to the law faculty is generally by oral examination. Each faculty may set its own entrance examination. Legal education may be received full-time through a day course of study, part-time through an evening course, through a correspondence course. A Bachelor's degree can be awarded in a four-year study programme, after two years of additional study the student can receive a Master's degree. The student who successfully defends a thesis at the completion of a post-graduate course of study gets a degree of Candidate of Science (Ph.D.)

Law students' curriculum combines lectures with tutorial style seminars. A paper must be written each year beginning with the first year, the topic of which may then be elaborated upon in succeeding years. Students often select a field of specialization at the end of the third year.

After graduating the law faculty a person must choose where to work. Lawyers in Russia have many opportunities: police, tax authorities, FSB, courts and others.

Private practice lawyers work almost exclusively within the Russian Bar, college of advocates. These colleges are self-managed cooperatives that are generally formed in accordance with regional subdivisions - by city, oblast, rерublic or autonomous area. The college's members can give all legal assistance

plaintiffs and defendants. According to Russian law, only those who are members of the Bar, have a right to use the title "advocate".

Lawyers can work in a legal consultation bureau, such lawyers can help with basic advice and first legal steps. A notary (also a lawyer) operator in indeреndent bureau and draws up legal documents and certifies them or witnesses their signing. Apart from private lawyers a lot of university graduates work as

prosecutors, judges and other state officials. But the private lawyer profession is usually more remunerative.

2.Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What system influenced the Russian system of legal education?

2. How is it possible to be admitted to the law faculty?

3. How may the legal education be received?

4. What degrees can be conferred at the completion of a course of study?

5. How can you characterize curriculum at the law faculty?

6. What can you say about the college of advocates?

7. What employment opportunities do the law faculty graduates have?

3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. Admission to the law faculty is generally by oral examination.

2. Students often select a field of specialization at the end of the first year.

3. Private practice lawyers work within the college of advocates.

4. These colleges are generally formed in accordance with federal subdivision.

4. Discuss the following points.

1. What does it mean to be a lawyer?

2. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

• the legal profession is extremely popular all over the world;

• a future lawyer must pass various professional exams.

3.What Russian universities or law schools provide the best educational background?

Вариант 13

1. Read the text.

The profession of lawyer

Lawyers typically do the following:

• advise and represent clients in courts, before government agencies, and in private legal matters;

• communicate with their clients, colleagues, judges and others involved in the case;

• conduct research and analysis of legal problems;

• interpret laws, rulings, and regulations for individuals and businesses;

• present facts in writing and verbally to their clients or others and argue behalf of their clients:

• prepare and file legal documents, such as lawsuits, appeals, wills, contracts, and deeds.

Lawyers, also called attorneys, act as both advocates and advisors.

As advocates, they represent one of the parties in criminal or civil trials by presenting evidence and arguing in support of their client. As advisors, lawyers counsel their clients about their legal rights and obligations and suggest courses of action in business and personal matters. All attorneys research the intent of laws and judicial decisions and apply the laws to the specific circumstances that their clients face.

Lawyers often oversee the work of support staff, such as paralegals and legal assistants.

Lawyers may have different titles and different duties, depending on where they work.

While working in a law firm, lawyers, sometimes called associates, perform legal work for individuals or businesses. Some attorneys who work at law firms, such as criminal law attorneys or defense attorneys, represent and defend the accused.

Attorneys also work for federal, state, and local governments. Prosecutors typically work for the government to file a lawsuit, or charge, against an individual or corporation accused of violating the law. Some may also work as public defense attorneys and represent individuals who could not afford to hire their own private attorney.

Others may work as government counsels for administrative bodies of government and executive or legislative branches. They write and interpret laws and regulations and set up procedures to enforce them. Government counsels also write legal reviews on agencies' decisions. They argue civil and criminal cases on behalf of the government.

Corporate counsels, also called in-house counsels, are lawyers who work for corporations. They advise a corporation's executives about legal issues related to the corporation's business activities. These issues may involve patents, government regulations, contracts with other companies, property interests, taxes. collective-bargaining agreements with unions.

Legal aid lawyers work for private, nonprofit organizations that work to help disadvantaged people. They generally handle civil cases, such as those about leases, job discrimination, and wage disputes, rather than criminal cases.

2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What do lawyers typically do?

2. How do attorney act?

3. What lawyers are called associates?

4. Where do prosecutors typically work?

5. What do government counsels do?

3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. Corporate counsels, also called in-house counsels, are lawyers who work for government.

2. Lawyers counsel their clients about their legal rights and obligations and suggest courses of action in business and personal matters.

3. Legal aid lawyers work for private, nonprofit organizations that work to help disadvantaged people.

4. Attorneys cannot work for local governments.

4. Discuss the following points.

1. Speak about the role of lawyer in society.

2. What prominent Russian lawyers do you know?

3. What outstanding foreign lawyers are known to you?

Вариант 14

1. Read the following text.

Law of the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom has three distinct legal systems. English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law, which applies in Northern Ireland, are based on common law principles. Scots law, which applies in Scotland, is a pluralistic system based on civil law principles, with law elements dating back to the High Middle Ages. The Act of Union 1707 guarantees the continued existence of a separate law system for Scotland.

The Appellate Committee of the House of Lords (usually just referred to as "The House of Lords") is the highest court in the land for all criminal and civil cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and for all civil cases in Scots law. Recent constitutional changes saw the powers of the House of Lords transfer to a new Supreme Court of the. United Kingdom.

In England and Wales, the court system is headed by the Supreme Court of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal cases). In Scotland the chief courts are the Court of Session for civil cases and the High Court of Justiciary for criminal cases, while the sheriff court is the Scottish equivalent of the county court. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British Overseas Territories, and the British Crown dependencies. There are also immigration courts with UK-wide jurisdiction - the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal and Special Immigration Appeals Commission. The Employment tribunals and the Employment Tribunal have jurisdiction throughout Great Britain, but not Northern Ireland.

English law is a term of art. It refers to the legal system administered by the courts in England and Wales. The ultimate body of appeal is the Law lords in the House of Lords. They rule on both civil and criminal matters. English law can be described as having its own distinct legal doctrine, distinct from civil law legal systems since 1189. English law is renowned as being the mother of the common law.

Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. Grounded in uncodified civil law dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis, it also features elements of common law with medieval sources. Thus Scotland has a pluralistic, or "mixed", legal system. Since the Act of Union, it has shared a legislature with the rest of the UK, Scotland, England and Wales, each retained fundamentally different legal systems, but the Union brought English influence on Scots law. In recent years Scots law has also been affected by both European law under the Treaty of Rome and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament which may pass legislation within its areas of legislative competence as detailed by the Scotland Act 1998.

2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What three legal systems does the United Kingdom have?

2. What is the highest court of the country?

3. What does the Supreme Court consist of?

4. What is the highest court of appeal in the United Kingdom?

5. How can one characterize English law?

6. How can you describe Scots law?

3. Translate these words into Russian

Legal system, common law principles, civil law principles, pluralistic ("mixed") system, the House of Lords, the Supreme Court, Privy Council, High Court of Justiciary, Law lords, to administer law, to be renowned, to date back, to retain, the Act of Union, to pass legislation.

4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Конституция отражает общественное и государственное устройство, определяет основные права и обязанности граждан.

2. В Англии конституция как единый закон отсутствует. Она заменяется рядом законов и конституционных обычаев.

3. Палата лордов является высшим апелляционным судом для английских судов по гражданским и иногда по уголовным делам.

4. Неписаная конституция Англии складывалась из ряда отдельных актов, прецедентов, судебных решений и т. д.

Вариант 15

1. Read the text.

The judicial system of the United States

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body of the US and it meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington. It's a beautiful building of white marble. Above the main entrance the words are written "Equal justice under law". The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court has the right to declare unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress any order issued by the President, This right of veto is widely used to block the passage of any progressive bills.

The USA is divided into eleven judicial circuits and each one is served with a Federal Court of Appeals. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges on the bench. There are about ninety district courts in different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called.

There are about two hundred district judges in the USA. Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in one of the eleven Courts of Appeal and in the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court is final. In the USA the judiciary is divided into the federal and state judiciary. Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions or laws. The state courts are organized in a system that looks like the system of Federal courts with a Supreme Court at the top. In most of states the lowest courts are the magistrates or police courts.

2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What is the Supreme Court?

2. Where is the Supreme Court situated?

3. Who does the Supreme Court consist of?

4. What are the functions of the Supreme Court?

5. What other courts are mentioned in the text?

3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and nine Associate Justices.

2. There are about ninety appeal courts in different parts of the United States.

3. Jurisdiction of particular courts or judges is determined by either the national, or state constitutions, or laws.

4. Cases tried in the district court may be appealed in the Supreme Court.

4. Discuss the following points.

1. Why is it important for judges to be independent?

2. What kinds of institutions are included into the structure of the Supreme Court in Great Britain?

3. Suppose you are one of jurors. Tell the other students about your duties.

Вариант 16

1. Read the text

Legal education and profession of lawyer in Russia

In Russia the system of legal education has been influenced by Western European legal education. Federal legislation regulates educational establishments in great detail. University law faculties are separately administered parts of a central university, headed by deans, which sometimes have their own buildings and libraries.

Admission to the law faculty is generally by oral examination. Each faculty may set its own entrance examination. Legal education may be received full-time through a day course of study, part-time through an evening course, or through a correspondence course. A Bachelor’s degree can be awarded in a four-year study programme, after two years of additional study the student can receive a Master’s degree. The student who successfully defends a thesis at the completion of a post-graduate course of study gets a degree of Candidate of Science (Ph.D.)

Law students’ curriculum combines lectures with tutorial style seminars. A paper must be written each year beginning with the first year, the topic of which may then be elaborated upon in succeeding years. Students often select a field of specialization at the end of the third year.

After graduating the law faculty a person must choose where to work. Lawyers in Russia have many opportunities: police, tax authorities, FSB, courts and others.

Private practice lawyers work almost exclusively within the Russian Bar. or college of advocates. These colleges are self-managed cooperatives that are generally formed in accordance with regional subdivisions — by city, oblast, republic or autonomous area. The college’s members can give all legal assistance to plaintiffs and defendants. According to Russian law, only those who are members of the Bar, have a right to use the title “advocate”.

Lawyers can work in a legal consultation bureau, such lawyers can help with basic advice and first legal steps. A notary (also a lawyer) operates in independent bureau and draws up legal documents and certifies them or witnesses their signing. Apart from private lawyers a lot of university graduates work as prosecutors, judges and other state officials. But the private lawyer profession is usually more remunerative.

1.2.Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What system influenced the Russian system of legal education?

2. How is it possible to be admitted to (he law faculty?

3. How may the legal education be received?

4. What degrees can be conferred at the completion of a course of study? j

5. How can you characterize curriculum at the law faculty?

6. What can you say about the college of advocates?

7. What employment opportunities do the law faculty graduates have?

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. Admission to the law faculty is generally by oral examination.

2. Students often select a field of specialization at the end of the first year.

3. Private practice lawyers work within the college of advocates.

4. These colleges are generally formed in accordance with federal subdivision

1.4. Translate these words into Russian

Legal career, law school, legal education, completed education, Bachelor’s degree, Master’s degree, to obtain a degree, to practise law, in-house lawyer, legal advice, legal adviser, advocate, college of advocates, to pass a bar exam, to represent clients, state lawyer, judge, lawyer at a consulting company, corporate and tax advice.

1.5. Answer for these questions.

1. Tell about your term paper in your diploma: your reasons for choosing the certain topic of the term paper, what issues you are studying, what materials you are using.

2. Which way of learning do you find most effective and why? (Lectures, seminars, colloquiums, self-study design work.)

3. What do you like best in your university life?

4. What do you dislike about being a student?

Вариант 17

1. Read the text

Elements of Crimes

In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. These elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, but even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different. There are usually two important elements to a crime: a) the criminal act itself and b) the state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In the Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of actus reus and mens rea.

If the prosecution fails to prove either actus or mens, the court must decide there was no crime and the case is over. Malice aforethought refers to the mens area of the crime and it is a way of saying that the murderer intended to commit a crime. Of course, the court can never know exactly what was in the head of the killer at the time of the killing, so it has the difficult task of deciding what his intentions must have been. The judgments in many recent cases show that English law is constantly developing its definition of intent.

Although most criminal laws in the world refer to acts of violence or theft, there are laws regulating almost every kind of human behaviour. Sometimes governments "create new crimes" by identifying a form of behaviour and passing a new law to deal with it. In most industrialized countries existing theft laws were not adequate to deal with computer crimes where complex kinds of information are stolen, altered or are used to deceive others, and thus new laws have been passed.

Technical change is one reason criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law. Another reason is that different societies continually review their ideas of what should and should not be considered a crime. Homosexual acts, suicide and blasphemy were once crimes in all European соuntries, but have now mostly been decriminalized. On the other hand, discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex was not acknowledged as a crime. until recently, and is still not recognized in some countries. Recent cases of euthanasia - shortening the life of a sick person - are causing re-exaluations of the concept of murder.

1.2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What is the important principle in many legal systems?

2. What are two basic elements to the crime?

3. Why do you think the court has to decide what the intentions of the accused were?

4. How do governments create "new crimes"?

5. Why did most industrialized countries have to pass new theft laws?

6. Why do you think some crimes were decriminalized?

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. In common law systems the case law interpreting the statute may be very. important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different.

2. Malice aforethought refers to the actus reus of the crime.

3. Different societies continually review their ideas of what should and should not be considered a crime.

4. Discrimination against someone on the grounds of race or sex was acknowledged as a crime until recently.

1.4. Translate these words into Russian

Minor offence, misdemeanour, felony, to punish, imprisonment, theft, robbery, failed robbery, armed robbery, manslaughter, voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, stealing, mugging, pickpocketing, petty larceny, grand larceny, shoplifting.

1.5 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Малолетние преступники обычно предстают перед специальными судами по делам несовершеннолетних.

2. Преступники вымогали у владельца предприятия немалую сумму денег, угрожая похитить его детей.

3. Организаторов избирательной кампании подозревают в подтасовке голосов и незаконной трате денег налогоплательщиков.

4. Подростка обвинили в хулиганском поступке и избиении одноклассника

5. Кража из магазина считается мелким правонарушением.

1.6. Discuss the following points.

1. What are the main reasons for juvenile delinquency?

2. Do you agree that juvenile delinquency is the issue about which people all over the world are concerned?

3. Work out reasons for juvenile delinquency. Tips: the social background; broken families; unemployment; high rate of inflation; drug addiction; alcohol consumption.

4. You are suspected that you committed a crime at 10 p.m. yesterday. Prove you alibi, telling what exactly you were doing at that time.

Вариант 18

1.1. Read the text.

Capital punishment

The ultimate penalty is death (capital punishment). It is carried out by hanging (Kenya, for example); electrocution, gassing or lethal injection (USA); beheading (Saudi Arabia) or shooting (China). Although most countries still have a death penalty, 35 (including almost every European nation) have abolished it, 18 retain it only for exceptional crimes such as wartime offences and 27 no longer carry out executions even when a death sentence has been passed. In other words, almost half the countries of the world have ceased to use the death penalty. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition, Amnesty International organization actively campaigns for abolition, and the issue is now the focus of great debate.

Supporters of capital punishment believe that death is a just punishment for certain serious crimes. Many also believe that it deters others from committing such crimes. Opponents argue that execution is cruel and uncivilized. Capital punishment involves not only the pain of dying but also the mental anguish of waiting, sometimes for years, to know if and when the sentence will be carried out. Opponents also argue that there is no evidence that it deters people from committing murder any more than imprisonment does. A further argument is that, should a mistake be made, it is too late to rectify it once the execution has taken place. As the debate about capital punishment continues, the phenomenon of death row (people sentenced but still alive) increases. The debate also involves the question of what punishment is for.

1.2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What is capital punishment?

2.  How is capital punishment carried out in different countries?

3. What is the attitude of international organizations to the problem?

4. What do supporters of capital punishment argue?

5. What is the opinion of their opponents?

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. 15 countries retain death penalty only for exceptional crimes such as war time offences.

2. Amnesty International organization actively campaigns for retention of death sentence.

3. Supporters of capital punishment believe that death is a just punishment for certain serious crimes.

4. Opponents argue that there is no evidence that death penalty deters people from committing murder any more than imprisonment does.

1.4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

Сарital punishment, death penalty, to punish, punishment, crime of murder, life imprisonment, to carry out execution, political oppression, retentionist country, to suspend execution, moratorium.

1.5 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Судебный приговор или решение могут быть пересмотрены в связи вновь открывшимися обстоятельствами, имеющими отношение к делу.

2. Мера наказания применяется к лицам, признанным виновными в совершении преступления.

3. Министр образования и науки был приговорен к тюремному заключению за попытку дать взятку полиции.

4. Суд прекратил дело о промышленном шпионаже ввиду отсутствия улик и наличия алиби подсудимого.

5. Апелляционный суд отклонил приговор городского суда и направил дело на доследование. В конце концов, данное дело о хищении государственного имущества было закрыто.

1.6. Discuss the following points.

1. What is the punishment for serious and minor offences?

2. Is the capital punishment human and does it influence the crime rate?

3. Are you for or against death penalty?

Вариант 19

1.1. Read the text.

The role of international organizations

International organization is any institution drawing its membership from two or more sovereign states in maintaining arrangements and facilities to promote continuous activities by its members.

The creation of international organizations has been essentially a 20th century phenomenon: only a handful of the international organizations now in existence were formed before 1850, and about 90% were organized in the period 1900 - 1956. In the mid-1980s there were more than 2,500 international organizations, of which about 750 were formed after World War II. This number included more than 130 intergovernmental agencies, of which the most notable were the United Nations and its affiliates, and such regional organizations as the European Economic Community, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organization of American States, and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.

Global multipurpose institutions, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations, are best understood as organizational superstructures of international customary law on a consensual and confederate basis. Their impact on international law is threefold: modification by express consent of the rules underlying the fundamental principles of international law, indirect modification of these rules by acquiescence on the part of member states in the action of bodies not actually authorized to exercise lawmaking functions and initiation of the further codification and development of international law.

The chief modification introduced by the United Nations Charter is the limitation of the rights of subjects of international law under international customаrу law to threaten or resort to armed reprisals and war. The prohibition covers the threat or use of force in circumstances falling short of war in the formal sense.

The principal means of indirect lawmaking in the United Nations are resolutions of the General Assembly that are adopted unanimously or with the two-thirds majority required for important questions. If such resolutions purport to be declaratory of international law, it is difficult for member states who voted for them to claim that, on the matters involved, the General Assembly is limited to the mere task of making recommendations.

A number of resolutions passed by the General Assembly fall into this in-between category of law-in-the-making - e.g,, those on the Nuremberg Principles that dealt with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; genocide; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the right of peoples and nations to self-determination; permanent sovereignty over natural resources: denuclearization; and nonintervention.

On specialized topics, such as the law of the sea, international labour law, and international private law, the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, the International Labour Organization, and the Hague Conference of Private Law, respectively, fulfill drafting functions of a quasi-legislative character. Yet it remains for the sovereign states concerned to decide if they want to limit their freedom of action by further consensual commitments.

States are not limited to development of international law on a confederate level. They are free to transform regional areas into federations of a territorial type such as the Commonwealth of Australia. They may also try functional federation on the model of such supranational organizations as the European Union. Under these conditions the wheel has come full circle, and international law turns again into municipal law, but, until such a development becomes universal, international law is likely to remain indispensable in the relations between sectional groupings.

1.2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What is international organization?

2. Which well-known organizations were mentioned in the text?

3. What impact do the League of Nations and the United Nations make on international law?

4. What resolutions are usually passed by the General Assembly?

5. Under what conditions can international law turn into municipal law?

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. The creation of international organizations has been essentially a 19th century phenomenon.

2. Global multipurpose institutions are best understood as organizational superstructures of international customary law.

3. Resolutions of the General Assembly are adopted with the two-thirds majority required for important questions.

4. States are limited to development of international law on a confederate level.

1.4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

International law, law of nations, to apply rules, international personality, , moral rules, judicial authority, public international law, private international law, conflict of laws, transnational law, contracting parties, to come into existence.

1.5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Международное право - это совокупность юридических принципов и норм, регулирующих отношения между государствами.

2. Нарушение государствами своих обязательств влечет за собой применение различных санкций в порядке ответственности по международному праву.

3. В современном международном праве признается принцип индивидуальной уголовной ответственности за преступления против мира, военные преступления и преступления против человечества.

4. Европейский союз (ЕС) - это сообщество государств-членов, объединенных в валютный и экономический союз.

5. Источниками международного права являются международные договоры и международно-правовые обычаи.

Вариант 20

1. Read the text.

Civil rights

The term "civil rights" is often used synonymously with "civil liberties", even though theoretical jurisprudence distinguishes between right and liberty. The root of the word "civil" reflects the association between a bundle of rights and "citizenship". The term "human rights" refers to a broader concept.

In the early legal systems of Ancient Rome, women and slaves had no right to vote whether as a juror or for political purposes, and ownership of property was an aspect of patria potestas, i.e. only the father of the family could own property, his wife, relatives and children having no right of ownership. Similarly. the medieval European city-states limited access to the status of citizenship and the civil rights associated with it. This practice of dividing societies by reference class or caste associates privilege with the upper layers of society and means that civil rights attach to people by virtue of their citizenship of a state.

Today, in most Western societies, it is taken for granted that every person has а number of rights and freedoms, which are valued deeply, closely associated to the modern concept of democracy and supported by public policy. Civil rights are claimed to be the pillars of modern societies. Nevertheless, it is domicile that attaches to an individual at birth, regardless of such factors as race, gender or class, and determines status and capacity. As each individual moves from state to state, the extent of the civil rights to be enjoyed will be determined by the interaction between the domicile of origin, and the cultures and laws of those states in which that person resides as a citizen.

The term "human rights" is not limited to citizenship of one state and reflects the concept of fundamental rights that all human beings can claim. Whereas "civil rights", "civil liberties" and "constitutional rights" are used to denote expectations as to behaviour and treatment by fellow citizens in any one sovereign state, "human rights" is more often used in the context of international law, the supranational systems of law that may or may not have direct effect in sovereign states depending on the treaties signed by each state and the nature of their legal systems. Human rights include civil rights. The term may also refer to the rights of refugees and the problems of statelessness; however, the debate on the extent of fundamental human rights is much broader subject. Jurist Karel Vasak, for example, discusses a right to peace and the right to a clean environment as fundamental human rights.

1.2. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What does the term "civil rights" mean?

2. What was the attitude to civil rights in Ancient Rome and medieval Europe?

3. What is the difference between civil rights and human rights?

4. How do you understand the term "human rights"?

1.3. Tick the statements that are true.

1. The root of the word "civil" reflects the association between a bundle of

rights and "citizenship".

It is citizenship that attaches to an individual at birth, regardless of such

factors as race, gender or class.

3. The term "human rights" is not limited to citizenship of one state and

reflects the concept of fundamental rights.

4. The term "civil rights" is more often used in the context of international

5. Human rights include civil rights.

1.4. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

Civil rights, human rights, natural rights, personal power, to distinguish, God-given rights, to acquire rights, right to privacy, to diminish rights, constitutionality of laws, breach of right, public accommodation, signatory.

1.5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Конвенция по защите прав человека определила основные права личности: право

на жизнь, свободу, личную неприкосновенность, право на беспристрастное судебное

слушание, право на неприкосновенность частной жизни, право свободы мысли, совести,

вероисповедания, самовыражения и ряд других важных прав.

1. Мы знаем, что эта страна является одним из государств, подписавших Европейскую конвенцию по защите прав человека.

2. Права человека - характеристика правового статуса человека по отношению к государству, его возможности и притязания в экономической, социальной, политической и культурной сферах.

3. Права человека подразделяются на абсолютные; ограничение или временное приостановление которых не допускается ни при каких обстоятельствах, и относительные, которые могут быть ограничены или приостановлены в случае введения режимов чрезвычайного или военного положения.

4. Конвенция по защите прав человека была разработана при содействии Совета Европы международной организации, состоящей из 21 европейского государства, которая была образована в 1949 г. в результате первой послевоенной попытки объединения Европы.

Вариант 21

1. Read and translate the text.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

(1) One of the key decisions to be made before setting up a business is what business structure to use. Choosing the wrong structure can have serious implications. In the UK there are five main structures, which are:

• sole proprietorship;

• partnership;

• limited liability partnership (LLP);

• private limited company (Ltd);

• public limited company (PLC).

(2) Sole proprietorship and partnership are unincorporated businesses, which means that there is no legal separation between the business and its owner(s). The owners of such businesses are fully liable for all the debts of the business and their personal assets may therefore be at risk.

Sole proprietorship is owned by one person called the sole proprietor, or the sole trader. He has unlimited control over the business and keeps all the profits. However, the sole trader also has unlimited personal responsibility for the losses, debts, and liabilities that the business may have. The sole trader may find it difficult to raise money as the bank will want security over his personal assets to make sure he repays the loan.

(3) Partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. They share management, profits, and liabilities. The liability of the partners is joint and several. That means that creditors can sue partners as a group as well as ste them separately. Each partner has a share in the partnership. The share is not necessarily an equal one, but depends upon the Partnership Agreement. It usually reflects the amount of capital each partner has invested in the business. The Partnership Agreement also covers such issues as how decisions are to be made, how profits and losses are to be divided between partners, the procedure for dissolving the partnership, what will happen to the partnership if one of the partners leaves or dies and others. However, partners are not legally bound to draw up a Partnership Agreement. If no Partnership Agreement drawn up, or a particular situation is not covered in the agreement, the arrangements between the partners will be subject to the Partnership Act 1890. This may not give the result intended by the partners, For example, a partner leaves the partnership the Act states that the partnership has to be dissolved.

1.2. Answer the following questions.

1. What decision should be made before setting up a business?

2. What business structures are there in the UK?

3. What businesses are called unincorporated?

4. To what extent are owners of unincorporated businesses liable for the debts of the business?

5. Who owns a sole proprietorship?

6. Does the sole trader have unlimited personal responsibility for the losses of his business?

7. Why is it difficult for the sole trader to raise money?

8. Who can form a partnership?

9. What do partners share?

10. What kind of liability do partners have?

11. What does joint and several liability mean?

12. What does the share of the partner depend upon?

13. What does the share of the partner usually reflect?

14. What issues are covered in the Partnership Agreement?

15. In what case are the arrangements between the partners regulated by the Partnership Act 1890?

1.3. Give antonyms and translate them.

incorporated - un _______________________________________
limited - un ____________________________________________
responsible - ir _________________________________________
secure - in ____________________________________________
personal - im __________________________________________
equal - un ____________________________________________

1.4. Choose the appropriate word.

1. Sole proprietorship and partnership are unincorporated / incorporated businesses.

2. As an artist he was always financially insecure / secure.

3. It was highly responsible / irresponsible of him not to come to work without warning.

4. The company has an unequal /equal opportunities policy (equal).

5. Let's keep the criticism general and impersonal / personal.

6. The shareholders usually have unlimited / limited liability, whilst the business itself has unlimited / limited liability.

7. It is legal / illegal not to draw up a Partnership Agreement.

8. Unincorporated / incorporated businesses themselves do not pay income tax.

Вариант 22

1. Read and translate the text.

INCORPORATED BUSINESSES

(1) A company is a legal entity, with the right to sue and be sued. It may consist of a single person, but in each case it has a legal identity separate from the individuals. The company itself has unlimited liability. The members of a company have limited liability. This means that if the business has debts, they can be made to pay them only up to a certain limit, Normally this limit is the amount unpaid on shares they hold (companies limited by shares) or the amount the members undertake to contribute to the assets of the company if it is wound up (companies limited by guarantee). Companies limited by guarantee are organized for charitable, educational or scientific purposes.

(2) Companies, their employees and shareholders are registered at Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC). Companies pay corporation tax while their employees and shareholders pay income tax. To set up a company it is necessary to file a memorandum of association together with an application for registration of the company with Companies House. The memorandum of association states that the subscribers wish to form a company, to become the members of the company and to take at least one share. The application for registration must contain the company's proposed name, a registered office, a copy of any proposed articles of association, etc. After being registered the company receives a registration number and a certificate of incorporation and is ready to do business.

(3) There are private limited companies (Ltd) and public limited companies (PLC) in the UK. The shares of private limited companies cannot be sold outside the company without the agreement of the other members. The shares of public limited companies are sold on the open market. The company has to satisfy a long list of regulations to be able to sell its shares on the Stock Exchange.

(4) Setting up a limited liability partnership (LLP) is similar to setting up a limited company. LLPs are registered at Companies House and the requirements are similar to those for companies. The name of the partnership must end with "LLP". The LLP as well as a limited company has a separate legal personality. It may be sued in the name of the LLP, The members of the LLP have the advantage of limited liability, which corresponds to their capital contributions to the LLP. It protects partners' personal assets. However, the LLP is not taxed as a limited company but a partnership. Also, the LLP is a more flexible structure than a company, with fewer rules and regulations to comply with. It does not have to hold board meetings or keep minutes.

(5) At least two of the LLP are chosen to be "designated members", which are the equivalent of the directors of a company. The designated members are responsible for certain administrative and filing duties. The "rules" of the partnership are contained in an agreement, decided by the members. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) were first introduced in the UK in April 2001, They are becoming an increasingly popular form of business structure. This is especially true of accountancy firms and law firms.

1.2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a company?

2. What rights has a company?

3. What kind of liability have members of a company?

4. What does limited liability mean?

5. By what is the members' liability limited?

6. Has the company itself a limited liability?

7. Do companies pay taxes?

8. What tax do employees and shareholders pay?

9. What documents is it necessary to file with Companies House to set up a company?

10. What does the memorandum of association state?

11. What must the application for registration contain?

12. When is the company ready to do business?

13. What types of companies are there in the UK?

14. What is the difference between private limited companies (Ltd) and public limited companies (PLC)?

15. Can any company sell its shares on the Stock Exchange?

16. What are the requirements for setting up a limited liability partnership (LLP)?

17. What does limited liability of the partners of an LLP correspond to?

18. Why does the LLP have a more flexible structure than a company?

19. What are partners of the LLP called?

20. What are designated members responsible for?

21. Where are the "rules" of the LLP contained?

22. When did I.LPs appear in the UK?

23. What businesses are organised as LLPs?

1.3. Read the text again and do the following exercises.

A. Look at the following list of five different business structures. Read what the people say below and match their businesses with the correct business structure.

sole proprietorship	partnership	limited liabilit ypartnership
private limited company	public limited company

1. Esther: "We set up our business together two years ago. I'm an accountant and Mark is a builder. We trade under the name of MH Property Services. Mark does all the building work while I deal with all the paperwork. Mark and I share all the profits. We didn't have to register the business anywhere, but we joined the local small builders' association. We took out a loan from the bank when we set up, to buy a van and any tools that Mark needed. The bank insisted on securing the loan on our house, but as we were confident about the future of the business, we decided to take this risk. We're doing quite well at the moment."

This type of business is a _________________________

1. Harriet: "Town shares in Express Enterprises which I bought two years ago through a stockbroker. Express Enterprises has just announced that it has made record profits this year. It has declared a dividend which provides an excellent return on my investment. This dividend is to be distributed soon. All of the shareholders will be delighted that the price of shares has risen by 21 pence each since this announcement was made. Stockbrokers are reporting that a lot of people are interested in buying Express Enterprises' shares."

This type of business is a _________________________

1. Hassan: "I own a specialist business consultancy firm. I have office premises in Birmingham and I employ two full-time employees. I have just completed the annual return for the last year of trading, providing details of the capital, the shareholders, address of the registered office and other information. My accountant is preparing the annual financial accounts. Business fluctuated last year, but I am optimistic that it will grow and provide a steady income."

This type of business is a _________________________

1. Eliott: "The four of us set up our accountancy business about 18 months ago. After considering the options, we decided on this type of business structure. Most new professional services are using this structure. There is less risk involved as we are only liable for the amount of money we contributed to the business. Tax was another consideration. We didn't want to pay corporation tax which is generally at a higher rate, so we opted for this. We each have to pay income tax on our share of the business profits."

This type of business is a _________________________

1. Suzanne: "I am a maths teacher. I used to work in a big school, but decided that I wanted to do private tutoring, specialising in helping children who find it difficult to understand maths. The business is very successful and I have a waiting list of parents who are interested in their children having lessons with me. I don't want a big business, I'm happy just doing the hours I want. I can be as flexible as I want. If I need more money, I just accept extra pupils. The business is easy to run and not restricted by rules and regulations.*

This type of business is a _________________________

1.4. Give antonyms and translate them.

paid - un ________________________________________
outside in _______________________________________
advantage - dis ___________________________________
flexible - in_______________________________________

1.5. Choose the appropriate word.

1. The advantage / disadvantage of forming a company is that it offers its members protection in case of bankruptcy as the members have unlimited limited liability for the company's debts.

2. The job of a juror is paid / unpaid.

3. She does not like to work from 9am to 5pm. She prefers flexible / inflexible working hours.

4. He was dissatisfied / satisfied with the court ruling and decided to appeal.

5. It would be responsible / irresponsible not to come to work without calling.

Вариант 23

1. Read the text.

COMPANY’S MANAGEMENT

(1) One of the main disadvantages of setting up and running a company is that there are a lot of statutory regulations that a company must comply with. The most recent legislation that governs companies in England and Wales is the Companies Act 2006. The Act sets out the basic rules for how a company should operate. Unlike the previous company law, the Act states that companies must consider the effects of their business practices on the community, employees and environment.

(2) Companies must disclose certain information and it is available to the general public. Each year, a company must file its financial accounts and an Annual Return at Companies House. The financial accounts include a balance sheet and a profit and loss account. The Annual Return contains up-to-date information about that company.

Under the Act the main constitutional document of the company is the articles of association that must be registered at Companies House. They set out the internal management of the company. The articles of association detail rules about when and at what notice meetings must be held; member's voting rights, and the size of majority required to pass resolutions; share issue. They also regulate the appointment, powers and removal of directors.

The shareholders decide a lot of matters at shareholders' meetings where they pass resolutions. The company has to send a formal notice of the meeting to shareholders.

(3) The company is managed by a board of directors appointed by the shareholders. Executive directors run day-to-day business of the company. Non-executive directors are not involved in the daily running of the company. They usually give executive directors advice on different important issues. The directors must ensure the success of the company, reasonable care, act in good faith and in the best interests of the company as a whole and not make secret profits from the company's business. That is called fiduciary duty of the director. A director need not be а (that is, a shareholder), but details of any shares he holds must be registered. If he holds an interest in another firm with which the company is doing business, the law requires him to declare that interest at a board meeting.

(4) If a director acts improperly, this may lead to a fine, disqualification from being a director, personal liability for the company's debts, or a criminal conviction.

Directors and some employees of companies are often in a position to know if a company's shares are likely to rise or to fall long before ordinary shareholders. As a result, they can make profits by buying or selling shares before everybody else, or by selling their special information. Using inside knowledge to gain private profits when buying and selling the company's shares is a crime of insider trading. In the UK the maximum penalty for insider trading is 7 year imprisonment.

1.2 Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1. What must a company comply with?

2. What is the most recent legislation that governs companies in England and Wales?

3. What does the Act set out?

4. What effects must a company consider?

5. What information must companies disclose?

6. What do financial accounts include?

7. What does the Annual Return contain?

8. What is the main constitutional document of the company?

9. Where must the articles of association be registered?

10. What information do the articles of association contain?

11. What do shareholders do at shareholders' meetings?

12. What does the company have to do before shareholders' meetings?

13. Who runs day-to-day business of the company?

14. Are non-executive directors involved in the daily running of the company?

15. What are the duties of directors?

16. What is fiduciary duty of the director?

17. Can only shareholders be appointed directors?

18. What must directors declare?

19. What happens if a director acts improperly?

20. What information do directors learn before ordinary shareholders?

21. What can they do with this information?

22. What is insider trading?

23. What is the maximum penalty for insider trading in UK?

1.3. Give antonyms and translate them.

like - (un) ____________________________________

to close - (dis) ________________________________

management - (mis) ___________________________

executive - (non) ______________________________

reasonable (un) _______________________________

properly - (im) ________________________________

qualification - (dis) _____________________________

ordinary - (extra) _______________________________

1.4. Choose the appropriate word.

1. An ordinary / extraordinary meeting was held to discuss this urgent problem.

2. Non-executive / executive directors attend board meetings ard give advice, they do not work full time for the company.

3. Parties to a case are required to close / disclose relevant documents.

4. A majority / minority shareholder is a person who owns more than half of the shares in a company.

5. She was accused of acting improperly / properly in going to see the prisoner's father.

6. China will not tolerate any external/ internal interference in its affairs.

7. The minimum / maximum age for retirement is 55.

8. Consultants were brought in to provide some inside / outside advice.

Вариант 24

1. Read and translate the text.

RAISING CAPITAL

(1) One of the obvious advantages of a company is that it is easier for companies to raise capital than for other business entities. They can do it by borrowing money from banks and through the sale of shares.

A share is one of the parts into which the ownership of the company's capital is divided. The shareholders of the company do not have to pay for the total amount of their shares at the time they receive them, but they must pay for at least a quarter of the nominal value of all their shares at that time.

(2) A share gives its owner the right to a proportion of any profit the company makes (dividend). A company may declare a dividend only if it has made a profit. A dividend is paid to shareholders in proportion to how many shares they hold. Shareholders cannot insist on dividend payments every year, since this is up to the directors to decide. If shareholders are dissatisfied with the management of the company, as members they have the right to remove the directors. The more shares a member holds, the more voting rights he will have at annual general meetings (AGM) or at extraordinary general meetings (EGM).

(3) Shares may be acquired when the company is set up or at a later share issue. They may also be bought or received from an existing shareholder. Sometimes a company gives existing members the right to buy shares from another member before he is allowed to sell them to a new member.

Each share is equal in value. However, the market value of the share may be greater or less than its nominal value. It depends upon the profitability of the company. For example, a member of a successful company who bought shares at £10 each may be able to sell them at a premium - perhaps £12 each. However, he may also find that he has to sell them for less than their nominal value - at a discount. Sometimes a company issues shares at a premium: for example, it sells £10 shares at £15 each. However, it cannot issue shares at a discount.

(4) Another way for a company to raise capital is by issuing debentures. Companies usually issue debentures to borrow some money from banks. A debenture is a document evidencing that the company has taken out a loan from the bank. Debentures are usually secured by a charge over a company's assets, so that debenture holders will have the right to take the company's assets if the company defaults on the loan. That means that the company has no money to repay the loan. Debenture holders are entitled to an annual payment of interest, and this is not linked to the company's profits or losses.

Debentures and shares are both securities of the company. The major difference between the two is that shareholders are owners of the company while debenture holders are creditors of the company.

1.2. Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1. What is an obvious advantage of setting up a company?

2. How can companies raise capital?

3. Into what parts is the ownership of the company capital is divided?

4. Do the shareholders of the company have to pay for the total amount of their shares at the time they receive them?

5. How much do they have to pay for their shares at the time they receive them?

6. What right does a share give to its owner?

7. What is dividend?

8. In what case is a company entitled to declare a dividend?

9. Are dividend payments made every year?

10. Who decides when to make dividend payments?

11. What can members of the company do if they are dissatisfied with the management of the company?

12. Which shareholders have more voting rights at general meetings?

13. Where does a shareholder vote?

14. When can shares be acquired?

15. What right have members of the company if a member wants to sell his shares?

16. Is the value of each share of the company equal?

17. How can shares be sold on the open market?

18. What does the market value of the share depend on?

19. What is a debenture?

20. Who gives loans to companies?

21. How are debentures secured?

22. What are debenture holders entitled to?

23. Is an annual payment of interest linked to the company's profits or losses?

24. What kinds of securities exist?

1.3. Fill in the gaps with missing words consulting the text.

1. A company may only declare a ______________________ if it has made a profit.

2. A company cannot issue shares at a ______________________.

3. Shares may be __________________  when the company is set up, at a later share ____________.

4. The shareholders of the company do not have to pay for the total _________________ of their shares at the time they receive them, but they must pay for at least a quarter of the _________________ value of all their shares at that time.

5. One of the obvious advantages of a company is that it is easier for companies to __________________ capital than for other business _________________________.

6. The more shares a member __________________, the more ____________________ rights he will have at _________________ general meetings (AGM) or at ___________________ general meetings (EGM).

7. Companies usually issue debentures to ____________________ some money from banks.

8. Debentures and shares are both ______________________ of the company.

9. Shareholders cannot __________________ on dividend payments every year, since this is up to the __________________ to decide.

10. Debentures are usually secured by a _______________ over a company's assets, so that debenture holders will have the right to take the company's _______________________ if the company _______________ on the loan.

11. The major difference between the debentures and shares is that shareholders are _______________ of the company and debenture holders are _____________________ of the company.

12. A debenture is a document ____________________ that the company has taken out a loan from the bank.

1.4 Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

1. Компания должна много денег своим кредиторам.

2. Сколько они взяли за ремонт?

3. Я решил взять деньги в кредит в банке и купить машину.

4. Я не люблю занимать деньги у друзей.

5. Он взял с меня только полцены.

6. Банк отказался дать нам кредит.

7. Я должен своему соседу £20.

8. Сколько денег ты взял взаймы, чтобы заплатить за это?

1.5. Speak on the topic "Raising Capital" using the following outline.

1. Ways of raising capital.

2. Shares:

   • shareholders' rights;

   • nominal value and market value;

   • sale of shares at a premium and at a discount.

3. Difference between shareholders and debenture holders.

Преподаватель _______ Вирабян М.А.

Утверждено на заседании УМО

20.08.2023 г. №1

Председатель УМО ________ Коврижных О.С