Презентация "Банковские системы"

Банковские системы

• The banking system is a set of different types of national banks and credit institutions operating under a common monetary mechanism. The banking system includes the Central Bank, a network of commercial banks and other credit and settlement centers. The Central Bank conducts state emission and currency policy and is the core of the reserve system. Commercial banks carry out all types of banking operations.

• Structure of the banking systemCountries with developed market economies have developed two-tier banking systems. The upper level of the system is represented by the Central (issuing) Bank. At the lower level, there are commercial banks, which are divided into universal and specialized banks (investment banks, savings banks, mortgage banks, consumer credit banks, industry banks, intra-production banks).The banking system does not include non-Bank credit and financial institutions (investment companies, investment funds, insurance companies, pension funds, pawn shops, trust companies). These institutions are part of a more General category - financial institutions.

• Types of banking systemsInternational practice knows several types of banking systems:distributed centralized banking system;market banking system;the banking system in transition.Distribution (centralized) banking system: the state is the sole owner, the state's monopoly on the formation of banks, a single-level banking system, the policy of a single Bank, the state is responsible for the obligations of banks, banks are subordinate to the government and depend on its operational activities, credit and issue operations are concentrated in one Bank, the head of the Bank is appointed by the Central or local authorities by higher management bodies. Banking activities are regulated by legal documents.

• Banks, as elements of the banking system, can only develop successfully in cooperation with other elements and, above all, with the banking infrastructure. Elements of the banking infrastructure include:legislative norms (determining the status of a credit institution, the list of operations performed by it);internal rules for transactions (ensuring compliance with legal acts and protection of the interests of depositors, clients of the Bank, its own interests in General, methodological support);creation of accounting, reporting, analytical database (computer data processing, management of the Bank's activities on the basis of modern communication systems);structure of the Bank's management apparatus.

• Main functions of the system- ensure the functioning and development of the economy by providing Bank loans and organizing a payment system;- mediation in moving funds from lenders to borrowers and from sellers to buyers;- accumulation of temporarily available resources in the country;- crediting of production, circulation of goods and needs of individuals.

• The organization of the banking system takes into account the following features of its construction: Mandatory subordination of elements of the second level to the first (the Central Bank is the legislative, Supervisory, and Supervisory authority in relation to credit organizations). State regulation of banking activities subject to the independence of commercial organizations provided for in the legislation. Fair competition must be created between credit institutions. The activities of credit institutions should be open.

• Classification of types of the banking system based on the allocation of its various levels in the modern economic literature is a subject of discussion. The reason for this is the confusion between the concepts of banking and credit systems. Based on the generally accepted criterion of subordination of banks, we can distinguish only one or two levels of the banking system, while the second level, depending on the characteristics of the country, may have a fairly complex structure, including several groups of banks with a pronounced specificity of activity.

• The Russian banking system is a two-level system, the first level of which is represented by the Bank of Russia, and the second-by commercial banks. The system itself is not new – in Russia it was created in the image of the banking system in England.The basic principles of the organization of the banking system, enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation, assume not only the presence of two levels, but also the principle of universality of banks.

• A number of macroeconomic and political factors influence the development of the banking system. These include the following:- the degree of maturity of commodity-money relations;- social and economic order, its purpose and social orientation;- legislative framework and acts;- General idea of the nature and role of the Bank in the economy.The development of the banking system is influenced by the development of national markets for international trade. The demand for banking services is expanding as production increases and the scale of exchange between producers increases.