Методические указания для студентов 2 курса 4 часть (Природа и человек)

ДЕПАРТАМЕНТ ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

Утверждаю

Зам. директора по УР

ГБПОУ НО «КБЛК»

_________О.Н. Спирин

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

к развивающему курсу английского языка

для студентов II курса

«Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология)»

(часть 4)

РАССМОТРЕНО: на заседании предметно-цикловой комиссии общеобразовательных дисциплин ПРОТОКОЛ № от « ___»___________ 201_ г. Председатель ПЦК ______ Шарова И.А.

Разработала: преподаватель иностранного языка Воронина М.В.

Красные Баки

2017год

Настоящие методические указания предназначены для студентов II курса всех специальностей КБЛК очной и заочной формы обучения для организации аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов.

Методические указания состоят из тематических циклов, которые ориентированы на совершенствование знаний, умений и навыков студентов.

Учебно-методические указания составлены преподавателем английского языка ГБПОУ НО КБЛК Ворониной М.В.

Оглавление

Предисловие………..……………………………………………………….………..4

Seasons ……………………...…..………………………………………………….…5

Texts for reading …………………………………………………………...12

Nature ……….……...………………………………………………………………...15

Texts for reading ………………………………………………………… 21

Ecology.. …….……...………………………………………………………………..23

Texts for reading ………………………………………………………… 29

Приложение 1

Лексический словарь по теме «Seasons»……………....…………………………. 32

Приложение 2

Лексический словарь по теме «Nature»…………………...…………………..…....36

Приложение 3

Лексический словарь по теме «Ecology»…………………...…………………..…..38

Список рекомендуемой литературы по изучаемой тематике……………………..40

Предисловие

Настоящие Методические указания предназначены для студентов очного и заочного отделения всех специальностей лесного колледжа. Они составлены в соответствии с Примерной программой учебной дисциплины Английский язык для специальностей СПО.

Целью обучения английскому языку является подготовка студентов к общению на этом языке в устной и письменной формах, что предполагает наличие у них определённых знаний, умений и навыков, которые после окончания курса дадут им возможность:

- читать оригинальную литературу по специальности для получения необходимой информации;

- принимать участие в устном общении на английском языке в объёме материала, предусмотренного Примерной программой;

- приобрести навыки самостоятельной работы с иностранной литературой.

В процессе изучения английского языка реализуются также общеобразовательные и воспитательные задачи обучения.

Методические указания включают в себя основные темы развивающего курса («Времена года», «Природа» и «Экология»), содержащие адаптированные тексты и практические упражнения по его закреплению способствующих развитию и совершенствованию произносительных навыков.

Материал указаний может быть рекомендован для всех лиц, желающих повысить уровень владения английским языком.

Seasons

1. New words

to awake – просыпаться

to revive – возрождаться

to blossom – цвести

migratory – мигрирующий

rough – сильный, грубый

to buzz – жужжать

to please the eye – радует глаз

to get ripe – поспевать (созреть)

Indian summer – Бабье лето

Golden autumn – Золотая осень

harvest – урожай

icicle – сосулька

glitter – блестеть

2. Read and translate the text.

There are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

March, April and May are spring months. Spring is the most pleasant season of the year. Spring comes and nature awakens from its winter sleep. The days become longer and the nights become shorter. The weather is getting warmer and warmer, everything changes and seems to revive. The ground is covered with fresh green grass and the first spring flowers. How lovely the white snowdrops are! There are new leaves and blossoms on the trees. In spring all the migratory birds return. They begin to sing sweetly on the branches of the trees and build their nests. The air is fresh and the sun shines brightly. Everything is full of life and joy. Everybody feels younger and stronger. In spring we can go to the country and have a walk in the woods or by the river, play ball-games. Sometimes it rains, but there are no rough winds.

The summer months are June, July and August. Summer is the hottest season of the year. Summer is a beautiful season with the long sunny days and short warm nights. The longest day of the year is the 22^nd of June. The weather is mostly fine and the clear blue sky is above our heads. In summer the air is filled with the ringing voices of birds and the buzz of insects. The trees are green and fresh grass grows everywhere. А great variety of brightly colored summer flowers around us pleases our eyes.  Summer is the time when cherries are getting ripe. Also we can pick up strawberries, blackberries and many fruits and vegetables. In summer many people leave town and spend the hottest time in the country or at the seaside. People can spend time outdoors, walk and play, lie in the sun and swim in the sea or in the river.

The autumn months are September, October and November. The warm days of early autumn are called the “Indian Summer” or the “Golden Autumn”. The “Golden Autumn” is really beautiful with its yellow, red and brown trees and golden leaves falling down. Early autumn is the period of flaming colours, when the landscape is gold and brown. They say that autumn is a season of poets and philosophers. The days become shorter and the nights longer and darker. The sunrays are not so bright and warm. It gets dark earlier and often heavy clouds cover the sky bringing rain. Birds don’t sing their songs. They begin to leave for warm countries. Autumn is the season of fruit and vegetables. Harvest time is a rush season for farmers. They gather potatoes and cabbages, turnips and cucumbers, carrots and tomatoes.

The winter months are December, January and February. Every season has a charm of its own. The winter days are short and gloomy. It is getting colder day by day. People put on warm clothes. It often snows and it freezes. It is pleasant to walk when it is not very cold and it snows. White snowflakes are falling thick and fast covering the ground and roofs. When the branches of the fir trees and pines are covered with snow, they look beautifully. A lot of icicles all glittering in the sun hang from roofs of houses. Everything seems to be covered into a white blanket. Rivers and lakes are covered with a thick ice and you can skate on them. Winter is a jolly time for children. They make snowmen and play snowballs. When the weather is fine children and grown-ups go skiing, skating or sliding down the snow covered hills.

Answer the questions:

1. How many season are there in a year? What are they?

2. What is your favourite season? Why?

3. When does spring begin in your region?

4. What is the weather like in spring?

5. When do trees become red and yellow?

6. When does winter set in your region? Is it very cold in winter?

7. Which is the most unpleasant season in your region?

8. Is the weather in your hometown changeable?

9. Does the weather usually keep fine in summer?

10. What is the weather forecast for tomorrow?

11. What is the weather like today?

12. What city is famous for its fogs?

13. Do you like rainy weather?

14. What weather do you like?

3. Exercises

№1. Specify the season the sentences to belong to:

1. All the trees and plants are in bloom.

2. People wear shorts and sunglasses.

3. Swarms of bees rush at the flowers.

4. Everyone loves to eat ice cream.

5. People wear raincoats and carry an umbrella.

6. The trees bring new leaves on the branches.

7. Children love making snowmen.

8. Colourful butterflies fly up in the air.

9. The crops are harvested.

10. The birds start singing sweet songs.

11. The fruits ripen and are ready to be eaten.

12. Snowflakes in the air.

13. Leaves are falling off the trees.

14. A new school year begins.

15. Children love to go to the beach to have a bath into the sea.

№2. Fill in the blanks with one of the words from the list:

flood, foggy, rainbow, drought, hot, cold, windy, icicles, tornado, summer, snow, spring, sunny, cloudy, thunder, rainy, winter, autumn

1. When it is ________ you see water drops fall from the sky.

2. In _________ people often go skiing.

3. The noise you hear after a flash of lightning is called __________ .

4. The white pieces of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold weather are called __________.

5. Flowers bloom in ___________ .

6. ________ are long thin pointed pieces of ice hanging from a roof or other surface.

7. In __________ the leaves fall from the trees.

8. You see the __________ when there is both sun and rain.

9. People like sunbathing when it is ________ .

10. It is ___________ when there are a lot of clouds.

11. If it is ___________ there is a lot of wind.

12. A ____ is a very violent storm that makes the air spin very quickly and causes a lot of damage.

13. People sweat when it is very __________ .

14. When it is ___________ it is very difficult to see.

15. There is serious __________ in this area since it hasn’t rained for months.

16. You wear warm clothes when it is _________ .

17. Days are longer in _________ than in winter.

18. The area suffered _________ damage as a result of the heavy rain.

№3. Guess the weather.

1. The drivers must be careful in driving. Street can be slippery.

The weather is ________________________________________

2. The people like to sunbathe.

The weather is ________________________________________

3. The children like to go camping. They like to play outside.

The weather is ________________________________________

4. We feel thirsty. We have much sweat.

The weather is ________________________________________

5. Don’t go outside or bring the umbrella.

The weather is ________________________________________

6. It is dusty.

The weather is ________________________________________

7. We must wear a raincoat.

The weather is ________________________________________

8. There is something moving in the sky. It may be raining.

The weather is ________________________________________

9. It is good for skiing.

The weather is ________________________________________

10. It is not good to go out. We can’t see anything on the hill.

The weather is ____________________________________

№4. Decide whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the FALSE ones.

1. _______ Winter is the hottest season in the year.

2. _______ Summer ends in June.

3. _______ The longest school holidays are in Spring.

4. _______ In Autumn the leaves fall from the trees.

5. _______Christmas time is in Winter.

6. ______ Spring starts in February.

№5. Write the season.

1. Hallowen is in …

2. Christmas is in …

3. Mother’s Day is in …

4. Children begin to go to school in …

5. Independence Day of Russia is in …

6. Birds return from hot countries in …

№6. Find the odd word in each line.

1. foggy, misty, smoggy, windy, cloudy

2. hot, sunny, dry, bright, chilly

3. foggy, cold, chilly, nippy, frosty

4. rain, drizzle, breeze, pour, shower

5. blizzard, snow, drought, frost, cold

6. thunder, shower, lightning, freezing

№7. Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the nouns and adjectives in bold in the text, then use the words in the box to complete the text.

mist • frost • sleet • rain • hail • wind • fog smog • snow • blizzard • lightning • thunder

Listen to the pouring (1)______ outside, and the roar of the (2)______ as it blows through the trees. Listen to the clatter of icy (3)______ on the window and the crashing of the (4)______, while (5)______ flashes across the sky. See the thick, grey (6)______ and the thin, grey, wet (7)______ . Smell the dirty, bitter, yellow-grey (8)______ in the city. Feel the crunch of (9)______ under your feet as you walk on the icy grass, and shake the freezing, wet (10)______ and (11)______ from your hair as the howling (12)______ turns the world to white.

№8. Replace the words and expressions in bold with a suitable word or expression from the box.

under a cloud • bucketing down • weather • boiling • steals my thunder every cloud has a silver lining • on cloud nine • storm in a teacup under the weather • cats and dogs • downpour • heavy weather of it

1. It's raining a lot.

2. It's pouring with rain.

3. It's very hot in our office at the moment.

4. We could ask him to sort out the invoices, but he'll make it unnecessarily difficult and complicated.

5. Jan's feeling unwell.

6. There was a sudden heavy fall of rain and all the spectators ran inside.

7. I don't know if we can survive this crisis without any extra cash (cash, def 1).

8. However gloomy things may seem, there is always some aspect which is good.

9. They were very happy when they won the lottery.

10. Ben was under suspicion for a long time after the thefts were discovered.

11. Whenever I have a great idea, Penny spoils it by doing it first and getting all the credit.

12. Sarah thought it was important, but in fact it was a lot of fuss about something which was very trivial.

№9. Underline the correct word in each sentences.

a) The sky was full of dark clouds/rain.

b) Before the storm started, we heard booming/thunder.

c) It was very cold and the river was frozen/iced.

d) It won’t rain for a long time. It’s only a shower/bath.

e) When the wind whistlers/blows, all the trees move.

f) We sat on the beach and enjoyed got sunshine/sunburn.

g) It started raining, and everyone got watery/wet.

h) During the storm the sky lit up with rain/lightning.

№10. Complete each sentences. Use next words: freezing, lightning, rain, raining, snowing, sunny, windy.

a) As it’s ….., take your umbrella.

b) If it’s ….. tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach.

c) Suddenly there was a flash of ….. and then loud thunder.

d) I’m ….. ! Can I borrow a thick pullover?

e) It was very ….. yesterday, so Jim flew his kite.

f) We had very heavy ….. yesterday and I got very wet.

g) Look, it’s ….. ! All the cars are white!

Read, translate and act out the following dialogues.

Dialogue 1

Kate: Hello, Ann! You look very fresh and sunburnt. Where have you been?

Ann: I’ve just come back from the South.

Kate: Really? Did you enjoy fine weather there?

Ann: Yes, I did. The weather was lovely. They say it was even too hot for the end of

September. The day temperature was about 30. Towards evening it fell to 20 but

it was still very warm.

Kate: Did it ever rain?

Ann: Once when we were at sea on a motor boat we were caught in a heavy rain. I

can’t say that it was very pleasant. Was it warm here in September?

Kate: The first week was very warm. Fancy the temperature rising to 24 in the day

time! But it didn’t keep long. In a few days the weather turned to worse, it

started raining, the temperature feel to seven degrees. And this spell of nasty

weather has been lasting already for two weeks.

Ann: But you know the weather in our parts is very changeable. It can still turn to

better. Sometimes we enjoy very nice and warm weather in October.

Kate: Right you are. Let’s hope for the best.

Dialogue 2

Ann: What’s the weather today?

Ben: The temperature has fallen again.

Ann: I enjoy the cold weather.

Ben: Don’t you mind the cold?

Ann: Not at all. I prefer a cold winter to a hot, muggy summer.

Ben: I agree. After the terrible August we had last year, low temperatures are kind of

refreshing.

Ann: In August there wasn’t a breeze anywhere. There was ninety percent humidity,

and the temperature stayed above ninety degrees for 15 straight days.

Ben: It’s six o’clock now. I’ll turn on the radio. Let’s listen to the weather report.

Radio: As the cold front crosses the region tonight, temperatures will drop

considerably. The present temperature is 26 degrees. Tonight will be partly

cloudy. Tomorrow will become sunny, windy, and very cold. High 20, low 16.

Strong winds from the north will bring Arctic air to the region. Snow will

develop at the end of the week.

Ann: Did you listen to the weather forecast?

Ben: Yes, I did. The mild weather will continue. Scattered showers will occur

tomorrow night.

Ann: And what about the day after tomorrow?

Ben: Skies will begin to clear. Drier, colder air will arrive fron the north-west. Sunny

but cold weather will prevail the day after tomorrow.

Ann: At this time of the year, the weather is so changeable. It’s a beautiful day.

Ben: Yes. It’s a fine day. The sun is shining.

Ann: It looks as if we are going to have a couple of fine days.

Ben: It’s unusual weather for March.

Ann: I hope that’s the beginning of spring.

Ben: I’m afraid the weather changes rather often. A sudden snowfall is quite possible.

Read and learn the poems:

1. It’s lovely, lovely spring

And birds begin to sing.

The sun is very high

It’s smiling in the sky.

It’s lovely, lovely spring

And all the children sing.

They sing a merry song

They sing:”Ding-dong”.

2. The sun, the trees, the grass, the sky,
The silver moon that’s sailing by,
The rain and dew and snowflakes white,
The flowers sweet and stars at night! 
The song of birds, wind  whispering – 
Such lovely things to hear and see
Belong to you, belong to me.

Discuss the proverbs:

1. Every cloud has a / its silver lining.
   У каждой темной тучи есть серебряная полоска.

2. There’s no bad weather, there are bad clothes. 
   Плохой погоды нет, есть плохая одежда. 

3. Into every life a little rain must fall.
   В каждой жизни должно быть хоть немного дождя.

4. After rain comes fair weather. 
   После ненастья наступает хорошая погода.

5. Don't have thy cloak to make when it begins to rain. 
   Не принимайся шить себе плащ, когда начинает идти дождь.

6. Rain at seven, fine at eleven.
   В 7 часов дождь, а в 11 - ясно. (Семь пятниц на неделе.) 

7. Small rain lays great dust.
   Небольшой дождь густую пыль прибивает. 

8. To lay by for a rainy day.
   Откладывать на дождливый день. (Отложить на черный день.)

9. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 
   Плох тот ветер, который никому добра не приносит. (Нет худа без добра.)

10. The wind cannot be caught in a net. 
    Ветер сетью не поймаешь. 

11. To cast prudence to the winds.
    Отбросить всякое благоразумие. (Пуститься во все тяжкие.) 

12. To throw straws against the wind.
    Кидать солому против ветра.

13. If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun.
    Если бы не было облаков, мы бы не любили солнца.

14. Make hay while the sun shines.
    Готовь сено, пока солнце светит. (Коси коса, пока роса.)

15. The morning sun never lasts a day.
    Утреннего солнца никогда весь день не бывает.

Texts for reading

Weather

Weather is something we can talk about every day. In the place where I live it’s very changeable, so people always inquire what it is going to be like tomorrow.

My city is situated in southern part of Russia and we have four seasons here: winter, spring, summer and autumn. My favourite one is summer because it’s hot there and I can swim in a nearby river. When the weather is fine I can ride my bike.

As I’ve mentioned before, the weather is rather changeable here. It can bring sunshine and heat one day, rain and cold the next day. Autumn brings heavy rains and winds to our region. Starting from late October almost every day it’s muddy and gloomy outside.

Winters are mild here. The first snow falls at December. It quickly melts though. There are some really cold days in January and February. I like the days when the sun is shining but it’s frosty outside. We go sledding or snowballing on such days.

Spring starts with sunshine and warm winds. When the snow melts away you can see the primroses make their way out of the ground. April and May are quite warm months. Birds start singing, trees start blooming, and there are lots of tulips and daffodils around. My neighbors often discuss the weather and ask each other about weather forecast. They usually say “A nice day, isn’t it?” or “It looks like rain”. I think that weather is the most popular topic for conversation.

Weather in Great Britain

The common ideas people have about the weather in Britain are: "It rains all the time, it's very damp"; "There's a terrible fog in London", "The sun never shines in July or August".

Britain has a variable climate. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forcast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately, as Britain does not experience extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The temperature rarely rises above 32°C (DOT) in summer, or falls below 10°C (14°F) in winter.

Summers are generally cool, but due to global warming they are starting drier and hotter. Newspapers during a hot spell talk of "heatwaves" and an "Indian summer" (dry, hot weather in September and October). Hot weather causes terrible congestion on the roads as Britons rush to the coastal resorts. Winters are generally mild, with the most frequent and prolonged snowfalls in the Scottish Highlands, where it is possible to go skiing. If it does snow heavily in other parts of Britain, the country often comes to a standstill. People enjoy discussing the snow, complaining about the cold and comparing the weather conditions with previous winters.

Contrary to popular opinion, it does not rain all the time. There is certainly steady rainfall throughout most of the year, but the months from September to January are the wettest. Thanks to the rain, Britain's countryside is famous for its deep green colour.

Most British cities have introduced clean air zones. Factories and houses cannot burn coal and must use smokeless fuel. The dirt caused by smoke used to cause terrible fogs, particularly in London. Such fogs are now a thing of the past, but you can still see them in old films where they add mystery and atmosphere to murder stories and thrillers.

Climate in the USA

The United States has many kinds of climate. The weather ranges from the warm, wet conditions of the Appalachians to the semi-desert or desert conditions in some of the western states. It varies from southern Arizona and southern Florida, where almost there is no winter at all, to the territory of Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, where there are long, very cold and severe winters. In other words, the US has practically all the climatic zones.

The main land mass of the US is in the temperate zone. The climatic conditions of the country are determined by the great mountains and the wind. West of the Rocky Mountains, running all the way from the Canadian border to Mexico, there are deserts, which receive as little as 12-13 centimetres of rainfall a year. Yet, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, there are places in which 250 centimetres of rain fall annually. It is one of the wettest places in the USA.

There are all kinds of differences in the climate of the US. For instance, all along the western coast, the temperature changes little between winter and summer. In some places, the average difference between July and January is as little as 10 degrees Centigrade. The climate along the northern part of this coast is similar to that of England.

But in the north central part of the country the temperature difference between winter and summer is very great — 36 degrees Centigrade and even more. The coldest days of January may be — 40 degrees Centigrade, and the hottest July days may be 45 degrees. In the eastern part of the US, the difference between summer and winter is also very distinct, but not so extreme.

In the south-eastern corner of the country, the climate is mild and spring is like winter, but in summer the temperature may be very high.

Although Hawaii is located in tropical zone, its climate is favourable, because of the ocean currents that pass its shores and the winds that blow across the land from the northeast. The temperature usually remains close to the annual average of 24 degrees Centigrade.

Alaska lie above the Arctic Circle, it still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen land to a depth of 90 or more meters.

From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two thirds of a meter down. The Japan Current of the Pacific warms Alaska, and the Arctic cools it. The temperature may drop as low as — 43 degrees Centigrade in some places, and may drop to 30 degrees in others. In the north, in any given year, more than 11 meters of snow may fall.

My favourite season

Every season is good in its own way. And every season has negative features of its own. Autumn is a time when nature fades away. Days grow shorter. Cold weather sets in. Hoar frost covers the ground at night. But worst of all is rain. Oh, how nasty cold autumn rain is! Even if it just drizzles. Most often it rains for hours. And there are days when it rains for a while then the rain stops but soon it starts all over again - and this goes on throughout the day. All these things are well-known and nobody can say he likes them.

Yet there are many people who like autumn. They try to look at the reverse side of the medal Autumn, they say, it is the time of harvest, golden leaves, it is the time when the nature is quiet and very attractive. Poets of all nations have sung autxnrm as the most beautiful time of year. Golden autumn, they call it Golden, indeed yet autumn does not appeal to me very much.

It appears I like winter much better. In January every year I go to the country to visit my granny. I really have a good time there. I go skiing in the winter forest. If you tried it once, you will never forget it. I also enjoy skating on the ice of the river nearby. When you return home with your cheeks burning from frost you wolf your dinner and make yourself comfortable in front of the TV. Then you feel just "as snug as a bug in a rug" as the saying goes.

There is no denying the fact that winter is a hard season. Think of keen frosts, and long black nights when the wind is howling outside. Now a few words about summer. The great Russian poet Pushkin said, "Oh, summer fine! I'd love you but for the heat, the mosquitos and flies!" I share his opinion. But again, it wouldn't be fair not to consider the brighter side of the picture. Bathing on a hot day in a cool river, picking mushrooms in the forest, basking in the sun on the beach. But the main thing is certainly having a two-month holiday. Two months without lessons, without having to get up early in the morning. Indeed, summer holiday is great fun for schoolchildren!

The best season of the year is spring. Spring is the time when nature wakes up after the winter sleep. Everything is in bloom. The first flowers appear in the gardens and meadows. Trees are putting out their leaves, and there are buds everywhere. Now the bird-cherry trees get covered with white blossom.

Nature

1. New words

sunset – закат

sunrise – восход

bloom – цвести

picturesque – живописный

thick forest – густой лес

cliff – скала

meadow – луг

sunlight – солнечный свет

narrow – узкий

shallow – мелкий

2. Read and translate the text.

Nature is all around us. We see it every day. It is the sunset, the sunrise, the song of birds, the blooming оf flowers, the wind that blows, etc. These signs are an integral part of our lives.

There is a picturesque landscape in front of us. We see high mountains of grey colour. It might be summer as the peaks are not covered with snow and the trees are green.

In the middle we see a thick forest. It is everywhere. The cliffs and the part of the meadow are covered with trees. They are of different shades of green: dark green, bright green. The meadow is not covered with flowers but it is covered with bright yellow and green grass where you can lie and have a rest enjoying the sunlight.

It is a narrow rapid river that flows in the forest. It seems to be shallow, but it is rough as the current is strong. If you want to cross this river, you should be careful. The water is dark. There are green trees on both sides of the river. We can sit on a bank of the river and listen to the sound of water.

3. Exercises

№1. Translate into English:

лес, грызун, гриб, млекопитающее, лиственное дерево, хищник, трава, насекомое, куст, рептилия, растение, птица, хвойное дерево, рыба, цветок.

№2. Guess the animal:

1. rede –

2. nasw –

3. krost –

4. senict –

5. tirelep –

6. relsquri –

7. deront –

8. koro –

9. kesan –

10. reha –

№3. Put the words below into their appropriate box depending on their classification. There are eight words for each box.

pine, fir, bluebell, crucian, bee, swan, birch, bream, owl, woodpecker, snowdrop, ladybird, oak, bear, cornflower, perch, thrush, squirrel, pike, swallow, elm, carp, dandelion, iris, trout, butterfly, crow, wasp, fox, dragonfly, cedar, hedgehog, elk, water lily, eagle, flatfish, deer, dolphin, wolf, larch, crane, ruffe, willow, beetle, worm, ant, poppy, daisy.

Mammals	Birds
Insects	Flowers
Trees	Fishes

№4. Look at the words below and decide which definition, A, B or C, best describes each one. Then check your answers in your dictionary.

1. hurricane

(A) a storm over high mountains, usually accompanied by snow.

(B) a tropical storm with strong winds and rain.

(C) a very quick, but very heavy, rain shower.

2. tornado

(A) a long, heavy snow shower, accompanied by strong winds.

(B) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry.

(C) a violent storm with a whirlwind.

3. volcano

(A) a violent shaking of the earth's surface.

(B) a strong wind caused by a drop in air pressure.

(C) a mountain with a hole in the top through which lava, ash and gas can come out.

4. drought

(A) a storm, usually without rain, which happens in hot countries.

(B) a very long period of rain.

(C) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry.

5. flood

(A) a large amount of water over land which is usually dry.

(B) a large area of dry land which should usually be wet (e.g., a dry lake).

(C) a lake or river which has been poisoned by pollution.

6. earthquake

(A) a long, heavy snow shower, accompanied by strong winds.

(B) a shaking of the earth caused by, for example, volcanic activity.

(C) a large area of dry land which should usually be wet.

7. tsunami

(A) a tropical storm with strong winds and rain.

(B) a huge wave in the sea, caused by an underwater earthquake.

(C) a long period when there is no rain and when the land is dry

№5. Do you know? Make up the answers.

• do you know the longest snake? (Python)

• do you know the fastest insect? (American cockroach)

• do you know the most aggressive animal? (Hippopotamus)

• do you know the smallest dog? (Chihuahua)

• do you know the biggest dog (Mastiff)

• do you know the smallest bird? (Calibri)

• do you know the fastest animal? (Cheetah)

• do you know the slowest animal? (Sloth)

• do you know the most intelligent animal? (Chimpanzee)

• do you know the strongest animal? (Rhinoceros-beetle)

• do you know the biggest animal? (Blue whale)

• do you know the tallest animal? (Giraffe)

№6. Guess these animals:

1. it’s a large animal with sharp teeth, it lives in the sea. Some types of them can attack people.

2. it’s a small insect which bites people & animals & drinks their blood. It usually lives in the countryside, in the wet & humid places

3. it’s a brightly colored tropical bird. People often keep it as a pet. This bird can talk like a human

4. it’ a small insect with eight legs. It usually makes a net, catches other insects & eats them

5. it’s an animal which lives in South & North America, it moves very slowly

6. it’s a large reptile which lives in the water in the hot tropical countries. It has a long body, a long mouth with many sharp teeth. Its skin may be green or brown. It attacks people or animals & eats them

7. it’s an animal that can pull its head & legs into the shell on its back. It uses this shell as a house. It walks very slowly. Some of them can swim. People often keep them as a pet

8. it’s a long thin animal without legs or wings. It can creep or jump. Its length can be several meters. Some of them have a poisonous bite which can kill animals or people

№7. Which is the odd man out?
1. Which of these is not a mammal? bat, snail, whale, wild pig
2. Which of these is not a rodent? hedgehog, mouse, rat, squirrel
3. Which of these is not an insect? cockroach, flea, moth, shrimp
4. Which of these is not a reptile? alligator, frog, lizard, turtle
5. Which of these is not a bird? sparrow, spider, stork, swan
6. Which of these has spots rather than stripes? leopard, skunk, tiger, zebra
7. Which of these hasn't got horns? bull, camel, deer, elk
8. Which of these doesn't sting? ant, bee, butterfly, scorpion
9. Which of these cannot fly? hawk, ostrich, pigeon, swallow
10. Which of these is not a cat? jaguar, leopard, puma, squirrel
11. Which of these is not a shellfish? lobster, plaice, prawn, shrimp
12. Which of these is not a pedigree domestic dog? collie, greyhound, mongrel, poodle
13. Which of these has most legs? beetle, centipede, snake, spider
14. Which of these is not a fresh-water fish? carp, herring, salmon, trout
15. Which of these is not a mythical creature? dragon, mermaid, octopus, unicorn

№8. Choose the right variant:

1.Начало формы

1)1111111

a) It is a meadow covered with flowers.

b) It is a dense forest. The trees are bright green.

c) It is a thin forest. The trees are dark brown.

2.

a) We see a wide clear lake and a green forest.

b) We see a flowing river and a yellow forest.

c) We see a wide lake and a field.

3.

a) We see high mountains. They are covered with snow in some places.

b) We see a deep cave. It is covered with snow.

c) We see a valley between the high mountains.

4.

a) Here we can see a huge waterfall and a green meadow.

b) Here we can see a small stream in the forest.

c) Here we can see a small waterfall in the forest.

5.

a) It is a still river. The water is clear and blue.

b) It is a rough sea. The water is dark green.

c) It is a swamp. The water is dark brown.

6.

a) We see a rapid stream in the mountains.

b) We see a swamp in the forest.

c) We see a rapid swamp in the forest.

Конец формы

Read, translate and act out the following dialogues.

Dialogue 1

- Have any dangerous natural disasters ever happened in your area, Frank?

- Oh, yes! There was an awful flood last year in our town.

- How did you behave during and after the disaster?

- Emergency workers rescued us from the flood. They helped us to climb on the roofs to escape the high level water. And we had a lot to do after the water had gone away. We repaired our houses and cleared away the rubbish on the roads.

- I’m really shocked to hear that. Could the flood have been predicted?

- Unfortunately nobody warned us of that but it was quite expected for all of us. It didn’t catch us by surprise because the snow had suddenly melted the day before.

- What is the most terrible natural disaster to your mind?

- As for me volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, earthquakes and tsunamis are the most destructive. They cause a lot of damage and kill people and animals.

Dialogue 2

- Do you like animals, Sandra?

- Yes, I love all kinds of animals, but not insects. I’m afraid of them.

- Have you ever been to the zoo?

- Yes, I was in Moscow Zoo last summer.

- Did you like it?

- Yes. My visit was very enjoyable. I think it is the best zoo in the world.

- What animals did you see there?

- I saw a lot of wild and exotic animals: leopards, bears, giraffes, elephants, tigers, lions and monkeys.

- Are the animals happy in the zoo? Can they run and jump as they like?

- I don’t think so. If I were the director of the zoo, the animals wouldn’t be in cages and I would feed them very well.

Texts for reading

The term “nature” includes all around us: trees, lakes, mountains, seas, animals, flowers, etc. So, nature is something special not controlled by humans. How marvelous and rich nature is!

Human beings have been closely attaching to nature since time out of memory. In period of paganism people were frightened of such natural sources as storm, thunder, earthquake and downpour. That’s why they made some sacrifices to the mother-nature because ancient people believed it could gain nature’s favour and make their life easier and better.

In our century the attitude to it has been changed. People learned to read the sky, avoid dangerous results of “nature’s rage” and explain all the phenomena scientifically. Now people know how to deal with nature for personal use – they created hydro-electric power stations, solar batteries, lighting conductors, successful agriculture systems and other interesting things. We use natural resources permanently and it helps us survive, but they are not endless and we should not forget to take care about it.

Sometimes we forget about beauty and richness of nature around us because we are just used to thinking about ourselves and vested interests. You can notice many miracles if you pay attention to them: twitter of birds, sounds of rain and wind, great mountains, green hills and bright sunlight.

I guess that the nature can be compared with a piece of art or even a master who creates all these beautiful and fantastic things around us. Nature is responsible for our mood and can make us happy and inspired or sad and depressed. Probably, indescribable waterfalls, eye catching meadows with flowers, mysterious mountains attract people’s attention because human being is just a small part of nature and can’t exist separately from it.

Wild Animals

There are over two thousand animal spices in the world, but only two or three dozens of them are domesticated. All the rest live in the wild nature, and are not domesticable. They are usually referred to wild animals. Wild animals are distinguished from the domestic ones by external appearance, behavior and feeding habits. But the key difference between them is their attitude to humans. Wild animals always see people as enemies rather than friends. Their fear for humans is genetic, and even if you manage to tame one of them, its joeys will not be born tamed.

Spices diversity of wild animals differs greatly from one region of the world to another one. Almost all the world’s largest animals live in southern countries, where there is enough food and the weather conditions are more or less even throughout the year. For example, the biggest terricole is the African bush elephant, which inhabits vast savannas of this continent. The highest animal in the world is the giraffe, which also lives in Africa. Both the giraffe and the elephant are herbivorous, i.e they eat only plant food. Interestingly, the world’s largest carnivore lives in the Arctic. It is the polar bear, which is considered to be one of the largest, heaviest and the most dangerous wild animals. Its diet consists mostly of fish and small marine animals. And as for the biggest marine mammal, it is, of course, the blue whale.

To my mind, the most unusual wild animals live in Australia. It is, for example, the kangaroo – the most well-know marsupial mammal, which breeds the young in the pouch. It is also a koala bear – a sluggish wooly animal which is often called the symbol of Australia. Finally, Australia is home for the emu, the second largest flightless bird in the world.

As for my homeland, the most famous Russian wild animal is, of course, the bear. Also in vast taiga forests one can meet wolves, foxes, hares, squirrels, wild pigs, roe deer, and so on. Some of them can be rather dangerous, especially in mating season.

From time to time different people make attempts to tame wild animals, or to keep some of them at home. But very few of them succeed in this. The fact is that a wild animal can hardly ever turn into a pet. Firstly, their natural instinct will make them try to escape at the earliest opportunity. Secondly, they will never love you like dogs or cats. Thirdly, wild animals, especially predators, need only natural food, ideally fresh raw meat and bones, otherwise they can die. And fourthly, some animals are nice and funny when they are small, but they become very dangerous when they grow up. There were numerous cases when, for example, a grown-up tiger or wolf bit his master to death.

Nowadays almost all species of wild animals are kept in zoos. But not all of them can survive in captivity. Some animals can’t breed in captivity. As for me, when I see caged animals, I always feel pity for them. They look very unhappy and miserable and they are often ill. That’s why, I think that wild animals should live in the wild, or, at least, in spacious wildlife sanctuaries and national parks.

Ecology

1. New words

ancient — древний
harmony — гармония
environment — окружающая среда
riches — богатства
unlimited — неограниченный
to interfere — вмешиваться
to increase — увеличиваться, возрастать
smoky — дымный
enterprises — предприятия
by-product — побочный продукт
to pollute — загрязнять
substances — вещества
oxigen — кислород
rare — редкий

dry up - высыхать
destruction — разрушение
layer — слой
interaction — взаимодействие
disaster — катастрофа
to befall — случаться

consequence - последствие

concern – проблема, озабоченность

preserve – сохранять, оберегать

2. Read and translate the text.

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.

Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.

Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

The pollution of air and the world's ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man's careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell the Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Belarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Belarussian and other nations.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organisation Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.

Answer the questions:

1. How did people live for thousands of years?
2. What cities appear all over the world today?
3. What pollutes the air we breathe?
4. What is the result of the pollution the atmosphere?
5. Why is environmental protection of a universal concern?
6. What are the initial steps in this direction?

3. Exercises

№1. Read the meaning and guess the word:

– The scientific study of the natural relations of plants, animals, people to each other and their surroundings.

– The act of making (air, water, land) dangerously impure.

– Too many people in one place.

– The act of destroying, putting an end to the existence of sоmething.

– The act of throwing things away untidily.

– Plants, animals, people.

– The natural home of a plant or animal.

№2. Guess the words (using ABC)

5, 14, 22, 9, 18, 15, 14, 13, 5, 14, 20
16, 15, 12, 12, 21, 20, 9, 15, 14
14, 1, 20, 21, 18, 5
5, 3, 15, 12, 15, 7, 25

№3. Match the words with its definition.

disposal	the result of a particular influence
non-renewable	waste or rubbish
emit	spoiling or destroying the beauty or quality of something
recycle	when we do this, we use the same thing again.
effects	the act of getting rid of the by-products which are not needed any more
reuse	when we do this, we make less waste: we only buy things that we really need, we can borrow things or fix things when they break
degradation	to send out or give off gas, smoke ….
reduce	when we do this we use the same thing to make something new
litter	that cannot be made new again

№4. Complete the chart.

cars, glass bottles, plastic bottles, cans, newspapers, birthday cards, computers, plastic boxes

Things that you can recycle…
For plastic	For paper	For glass	For metal

№5. Match these words with their appropriate synonyms:

1. pollute	a. waste
2. consume	b. dangerous
3. energy	c. contaminate
4. harmful	d. power

№6. Insert the words:

waste, pollution, protect, factory, recycled, emissions, damage, environmentalists

1. During the last hundred years we have done great……..to the environment.
2. There’s a large chemical……..in our town which has polluted the river twice in the last year.
3. The Government is very worried about the ……..of our rivers and beaches.
4. A lot of household……..like bottles and newspapers can be……..and used again.
5…………are furious with the American Government for delaying measures which will reduce greenhouse gas………
6. There are lots of things we can all do to ……..the environment.

№7. Translate into English.

1. Не нужно бороться за чистоту, а нужно взять метлу и подмести улицу.

2. Ты можешь улучшить окружающую среду.

3. За миллионы лет многие живые существа приспособились к изменению климата.

4. Для живых существ гораздо труднее приспособиться к выбросам в окружающую среду вредных веществ, производимых человеком.

№8. Work with the song.

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=ID&hl=id&v=XAi3VTSdTxU

Listen “EARTH SONG” by Michael Jackson and do the exercises:

Put sentences in the right order as you hear them:

____ What about rain
____ That you said we were to gain...?
____ What about sunrise
____ Did you ever stop to notice

____ What about killing fields

____ Is there a time

____ What about all the things
____ Did you ever stop to notice
____ What about all the things
____ This crying Earth its weeping shores?
____ That you said was yours and mine...?
____ All the blood we've shed before

Listen and fill in the blanks:

What have we done to the__________ ?
Look what we've done.
What about all the__________,
That you pledge your only __________?
What about__________ fields?
Is there a time?
What about all the__________,
That you said was yours and mine?

Did you ever stop to __________,
All the children dead from __________?
Did you ever stop to notice,
This crying __________ its weeping shores?

Put the words in the sentences in the right order:

used/ I / dream/ to

_____________________________________

stars/ beyond/ glance/ used/ the

_____________________________________

where/ don’t/ I / Now/ know/ we/ are

_____________________________________

far/ drifted/ Although/ we’ve/ know/ I

_____________________________________

Put the following words in the blanks:

free – cry – joy – everything – yesterday - trust – land – elephants – seas – man – death – children – animals – forest

Hey, what about _________________
(What about us)  after each line
What about the _________________
The heavens are falling down
I can't even breathe
What about __________________
I have given you
What about nature's worth
(ooo, ooo)
It's our planet's womb
What about ____________________
We've turned kingdoms to dust
What about ___________________
Have we lost their ___________________
What about crying whales
We're ravaging the seas
What about ________________ trails
(ooo, ooo)
Burnt despite our pleas
What about the holy __________________
Torn apart by creed
What about the common man
Can't we set him ______________________
What about _______________________ dying
Can't you hear them _____________________
Where did we go wrong
(ooo, ooo)
Someone tell me why
What about baby boy
What about the days

What about all their __________________
What about the man
What about the crying man
What about Abraham
What about ________________ again
(ooo, ooo)
Do we give a damn?

Read, translate and act out the following dialogues.

Dialogue 1

- Do you realize how important our environment today is?

- I know there are a lot of serious and crucial problems in our modern world. And one of them is pollution.

- Yes. The air, the water and the ground are polluted with chemicals, poisonous gases and wastes. It’s really dangerous for our health.

- Besides, it kills so many animals, fishes and plants too. Do you think it is possible to save the Earth?

- Well, to my mind, we should try. We should walk or cycle whenever possible.

- You are right. If people tried to walk or cycle instead of driving cars, the air would be much cleaner.

- And we should also avoid dropping litter outside and buying packaged food, for example. Litter is a horrible problem for big cities.

- If people took rubbish, bottles and paper to recycling centres, they would protect their environment from pollution.

- Yes. Recycling saves trees and energy too. So we must save our planet rather than destroy it.

Learn the poem

***

Rub your eyes and look around,

Litter lying on the ground,

Bottles, cans and polythene-

Take the tip and change to green!

Forests going up in smoke,

Cities fit to make you choke,

Nowhere left to be that’s clean-

Take a breath and change to green!

***

Ecology.

We enjoy pictures of dinosaurs,
Who lived millions of years ago.
That could happen to elephants, zebras, robins and frogs …
If you aren’t very careful. No!

The air is polluted. It isn’t safe to breathe –
It’s awful for the people, not less – for animals and trees.
It is damaging the crops and other people’s food …
We have to act with grown-ups on fast and equal foot.

The greenhouse effect or global warming
Can be stopped by the people’s efforts and warning:
To use less energy, protect and plant trees …
And children can participate in all these adults’ deeds!

Let’s keep the Earth healthy and green
And full of numerous creatures!
This is appeal (the call) of famous Green Peace,
Support it in actions not speeches!

***

Hug the Earth

Walking along feeling free,
Feeling the earth here with me,
And I love her, she loves me,
I hug the Earth, the Earth hugs me.

She’s our friend,
We’d like to be together forever.
The earth is a garden,
It’s a beautiful place

For all living creatures,
For all the human race.

Helping Mother Earth,
We can peacefully roam,
We all deserve a place,
We can call our home.

Texts for reading

Ecology

We live on a very beautiful planet – on the Earth. Our planet has very rich resources: the bright blue of the sky, fresh, crystal-clear mountain lake water, the rich green of the mountains slopes, wild flower, picturesque views – all these sceneries of nature fill us with admiration.

That’s why those who live in cities prefer spending their days off and their holidays far from the noise of the city, to be closer to nature. Perhaps they like to breathe fresh air or to swim in clear water because the ecology is not so poor as in the cities.
Ecology is the study of the ways in which organisms (plants and animals) depend upon each other and upon their surroundings. Each organism requires conditions in order to be able to live and breed. These conditions are its environment by changing the ecological conditions.

So, pollution is one of the most burning problems of nowadays. Now millions of chimneys, cars, buses, trucks all over the world exhaust fumes and harmful substances into the atmosphere. These poisoned substances pollute everything: air, land, water, birds and animals people. So, it is usually hard to breathe in the large cities where there are lots plants. Everything there is covered with soot and dirt. All these affect harmfully.

Water pollution is very serious, too. Ugly rivers of dirty water polluted with factory waste, poisoned fish are all-round us. And polluted air and poisoned water lead to the end of the civilization. So, nowadays a lot of dead lands and lifeless areas have appeared. Because our actions and dealings can turn the land to a desert.

So, we see that our environment offers an abundance of subject matter for discussion. The problems and prospects of the blue planet interest not only scientist and futurologists, but also politicians, industry, the public – and above all, young people! There is hardly a young person who is not conserved with the preservation of our natural habitat. To recognize environmental problems and master them, to reduce and avoid environmental pollution, to discover and develop ecologically sound technologies – there are the essential building blocks for our future.

Whether scientist or politicians, bankers or student, whether Greek, Norwegian, Hungarian or Finn … all are encouraged to make a contribution towards protecting the environment. Dedication and the courage to change one’s way of thinking are called for.

We are to stop pollution. So, we can grow plants and trees, to purify waste, to start urgent campaigns in order to preserve environment For example, in 1989 in Australia, Sydney. In a year the same kind of action was held all over Australia and it was called “Clean up Australia” the following years 110 countries hold the similar actions within the ecological program of the UNO.

Nowadays there are many different pressure and interests groups in British, which try to find solutions to the problems of pollution at the national and international level. So they are groups of people with a common interest in trying to draw the public attention to environment problems, to influence the government decisions.

Greenpeace is a very famous pressure group. It started functioning in 1971. Its headquarters are at Amsterdam, but it operates in 25 countries worldwide. The aim of Greenpeace is to protect wildlife of toxic wastes, nuclear tests.

“Friends of the Earth” (FoE) is one of the British pressure groups with an international reputation. Its general aim is to conserve the planet’s resources and reduce pollution. FoE was established in 1971 and now it operated in 44 countries worldwide. It campaigns among other things, for recycling and renewable energy, and the destruction of wildlife and habitat. The main campaigning issues of the FoE are:

• The protection of all animals and plants in danger of extinction.

• An end to the destruction of wildlife and habitats.

• A program of energy conservation measures, etc.

So, a number of campaigns resulted in:

• The ban or other hunting in England and Wales

• And indefinite delay in the construction of the Commercial East Breeder Reactor, etc.

But not only great groups can influence the problem of pollution. So, different people have their own opinions on this problem:

• The continued pollution of the earth, if unchecked, well eventually destroys the fitness of this planet as a place for human life. (B. Commoner).

• The Earth has enough for every man’s need, but not for man’s greed. (Ganlui).

And I agree with them because it is really so. And terrible examples prove them.

The Baltic Sea is a special case. Because it is such a small sea and it becomes dirty very easily. Its waster changes slowly through the shallow straits. As many as 250 rivers run into the Baltic. There are hundreds of factories in these rivers and millions of people live along them. Quite a lot of big cities lie on its coast. All these combined with the active navigation of the sea naturally affects the state of the sea water and the shore line flora and fauna. People suffer from the waster pollution; cancer deaths increase people’s concern.

And there is no escape from this ecological crisis without organizing a single body dealing with the environmental problems, developing and carrying out a nationwide program of environmental protection and co-operating with international schemes.

Environment and Ecology

The word environment means simply what is around us. Some people live in a town environment; for others, their environment is the countryside. But the air we breathe, the soil on which we stand and walk, the water we drink are all part of the environment. The most serious environmental problems are:

• pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution);

• noise from cars, buses planes, etc.

• destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty;

• shortage of natural resources (metals, different kinds of fuel);

• the growth of population

Water Pollution

There is no ocean or sea which is not used as a dump. The Pacific Ocean, especially, has suffered from nuclear pollution because the French Government tests nuclear weapons there. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste.

Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles can’t live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens s because factories and plants produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers.

Air Pollution

You certainly know that most of the pollution on big cities comes from cars and buses.

More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight, because ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause skin cancer. Normally the ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us form such radiation, but if there are holes in the ozone layer ultraviolet radiation can get to the earth. Many scientists think that these holes are the result of air pollution.

Nuclear power stations can go wrong and cause nuclear pollution. This happened in Windscale in Britain, in Three Mile Island in the USA and Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union. Nuclear stations cannot be seen but its effects can be terrible.

To make air clean again we need good filters at nuclear power stations, at factories, plants and in cars and buses.

Приложение 1

Лексический словарь по теме «Seasons»

season  - время года
winter - зима
spring - весна
summer - лето
autumn  - осень (британский вариант английского)
fall - осень (американский вариант английского)

January - январь

February - февраль

March - март

April - апрель

May - май

June - июнь

July - июль

August - август

September - сентябрь

October - октябрь

November - ноябрь

December - декабрь

precipitation - осадки
dew - роса

drizzle - мелкий дождь; изморось
fog - туман
hail /heɪl/ град
hoarfrost – иней, изморозь

rain - дождь
shower  - ливень

snowfall – снегопад

sleet  - дождь со снегом
snow  - снег

blizzard - снежная буря
breeze – бриз

drizzle – изморось

downpour - ливень 
fog - туман
frost – мороз

hail - град
lightning - молния
mist – лёгкий туман

rain - дождь

rainbow - радуга
rime - иней

slush – слякоть

snow - снег
snowstorm  - метель
sun - солнце

sunshine - солнечный свет

thunder  - гром
thunderstorm  - гроза
wind  - ветер

temperate climate – умеренный климат

genial climate – мягкий, умеренный климат

kindly climate – хороший, благоприятный климат

arid climate – сухой климат

tropical climate – тропический климат

hot/torrid climate – жаркий климат

rigorous climate (severe) – суровый, холодный климат

freakish climate – непостоянный климат

forecast -  прогноз
weather - погода
degree - градус
temperature  - температура

chilly - холодный, прохладный
clear - чистый, ясный
cloudy - облачный
cold spell - холодный период; заморозок
cool - прохладный
foggy - туманный
humid - влажный
humidity - влажность
icy - ледяной, скользкий
mild - мягкий, умеренный
overcast - пасмурный
rainy - дождливый
slushy - слякотный; мокрый; талый
snowy  - снежный
sunny - солнечный
windy  - ветреный

What's it like out? - Какая на улице погода?
It's miserable out. - На улице отвратительно.
How's the weather? - Какая (сегодня) погода?
It's ten below.  -10 градусов.
It's ten above.  +10 градусов
What's the temperature today? -  Какая сегодня температура?
It's 22 degrees Celsius.  - 22 градуса по Цельсию.
What's the weather forecast? - Какой прогноз погоды?
They're calling for blue skies all week. - Прогнозируют ясное небо всю неделю.
We couldn't ask for a better day than this. - Нельзя пожелать погоды лучше, чем сегодня.
Do you have rain?  - У вас идет дождь?
We haven't had a drop of rain for weeks. - У нас не выпало ни капли дождя уже несколько

Погода и природные явления в английских идиомах

to keep one's weather eye open – смотреть в оба, держать ухо востро

under the weather – нездоровый, больной; в затруднительном положении; амер. выпивший
in the weather – на улице, под открытым небом

fair-weather friends – ненадежные друзья, друзья только в счастье

weathercock – непостоянный, ненадёжный человек, флюгер

***

raining cats and dogs – льёт как из ведра

keep the rain out – укрыться от дождя

rain or shine – при любой погоде; при любых условиях

rain check – корешок билета на стадион, дающий право прийти на игру, перенесенную по случаю дождя; просьба или обещание принять приглашение как-нибудь в другой раз

rain off (= rain out) – отменить из-за дождя

***

to blow a cloud – разг. курить
under a cloud – в тяжёлом положении; в немилости; под подозрением
in the clouds – неясный; странный, фантастический
to have one's head in the clouds/to be in the clouds - витать в облаках
war cloud – предвоенная атмосфера, угроза войны
cloud-castle – воздушные замки, мечты, фантазии

***

Scotch mist – густой туман; изморось, мелкий моросящий дождь

to see the red mist/to let the red mist descend – (букв. "увидеть красный туман") прийти в ярость, потерять самообладание

***

to look on the sunny side of things – смотреть бодро на жизнь, быть оптимистом
sunny smile – сияющая улыбка
sunny-side up – жарить только на одной стороне
on the sunny side of thirty – ещё нет тридцати

***

gone with the wind – исчезнувший бесследно (букв. унесенный ветром)

to get the wind up – брит. разг. утратить спокойствие, испугаться

to be in the wind – витать, носиться в воздухе (о первых признаках того, что вот-вот должно произойти)

to sail near to the wind – быть на грани опасности; быть на грани порядочности или пристойности, на скользком пути; жить экономно, рассчитывать всё до копейки
the four winds – стороны света

(a place) between wind and water – (букв. "между ветром и водой") наиболее уязвимое место

to catch the wind in a net – переливать из пустого в порожнее, заниматься бесполезным делом

to hang in the wind – колебаться

to have/put one's finger to the wind – держать нос по ветру, смотреть откуда ветер дует; приспосабливаться к быстро меняющимся обстоятельствам, проявлять беспринципность
to raise the wind – брит. разг. раздобыть (необходимые) деньги

to wind smb. around one's little finger – обвести кого-л. вокруг пальца, обмануть

to wind oneself/one's way into smb.'s trust/affection – вкрадываться, втираться в чьё-л. доверие

***

dead frost – разг. гиблое дело; полная неудача, фиаско
black frost – сильный мороз без инея; гололед, гололедица (на шоссе)
Jack Frost – Мороз Красный Нос, Дед Мороз

***

snow globe – сувенир в виде стеклянного шара с фигурками и "падающим снегом" внутри
snow off – отменять (какое-л. событие из-за снегопада, обильно выпавшего снега)
snow under – разг. заваливать работой; амер. провалить на выборах (огромным большинством)
snow bunny – симпатичная девушка, часто бывающая на горнолыжных курортах

Приложение 2

Лексический словарь по теме «Nature»

tree – дерево
branches – ветки
leaves – листья деревьев

trunk – ствол

crones - крона 
flower – цветок
stalk - стебель
grass – трава
lawn- лужайка
bushes - кустарники
river – река
riverbank –берег реки
lake – озеро
pond – пруд

bog - болото 
water basins – водоемы
waterfall - водопад
sea – море
ocean – океан
shore - берег
coast – побережье
waves /tides – волны
stones – камни
pebble – галька
sand – песок
desert - пустыня
sky – небо
clouds – облака
wind - ветер
sun – солнце
moon- луна
field – поле
forest / wood – лес

grove - роща 
valleys – долины
mountains – горы
rocks – скалы
hills – холмы
meadow – луг
berries – ягоды
herbs – травы
mushrooms – грибы
birds – птицы
animals – животные

natural disasters – природные катаклизмы
hurricane – ураган
tornado -  торнадо
tsunami - цунами

typhoon – тайфун
earthquake – землетрясение
volcano – вулкан
volcanic eruption – извержение вулкана
flood – наводнение
drought – засуха

landslide – оползень

heat wave – сильная жара

avalanche – лавина, обвал

Приложение 3

Лексический словарь по теме «Ecology»

acid rain - кислотный дождь
air - воздух 
alkalinity - щелочность 
atmosphere - атмосфера 
be threatened with extinction - быть под угрозой вымирания
biodegradability - способность к биологическому распаду
biosphere - биосфера
by-product - побочный продукт 
carbon dioxide / co2 - углекислый газ/двуокись углерода
carbon monoxide - окись углерода
catchment level - уровень водосбора
сhlorine - хлор
chop down/cut down - срубать, вырубать
conservation of natural resources - охрана природных ресурсов
decay; rot - гниль 
deforestation - обезлесение 
depletion - истощение
desertification - опустынивание 
dirt - грязь 
dump - свалка
earth - земля
ecosystem - экосистема 
effluent - сточные воды
emissions - выходы/выбросы 
endangered species - исчезающий вид 
environmental сontamination earthquake cliff - загрязнение окружающей среды 
environmental emergency - чрезвычайная экологическая ситуация
environmental protection - охрана окружающей среды 
forest - лес 
fossil fuel - ископаемое топливо 
fume - дым, выхлоп 
fungus - грибок 
global environment facility (gef) - глобальный экологический фонд
greenhouse effect - парниковый эффект
habitat - место, среда обитания
hazardous wastes - опасные отходы
heat - жара 
herbicide - гербицид 
incineration - сжигание отходов 
landfill - свалка мусора
list of endangered species - красная книга
maximum allowable emissions - предельно допустимые выбросы
mean daily sample - среднесуточная проба 
multiple use - комплексное использование (ресурсов) 
negligence - халатность
noise pollution / standards - шумовое загрязнение/нормы шумового загрязнения
non-point source of pollution - неточечный источник загрязнения
oil slick - нефтяная пленка (на воде)
ozone depleting substances (ods) - озоноразрушающие вещества
ozone hole - озоновая дыра
ozone layer - озоновый слой 
pesticide - пестицид 
phenomenon - явление 
poacher - браконьер
pollutant - загрязняющее вещество
(p)reserve, sanctuary - заповедник 
prey upon - охотиться 
quality assurance / quality control (qa/qc) - обеспечение качества/контроль качества 
radioactive wastes - радиоактивные отходы 
recycling - вторичное использование, рекуперация, рециркуляция
reduce the threat - снижать угрозу 
renewable energy - возобновляемая энергия
salinity - соленость, засоление
sewage system - система очистки сточных вод
sewage - стоки, нечистоты 
sludge, slurry - осадок, ил, шлак 
soil - почва 
solid waste management - утилизация твердых отходов 
stuffiness - духота 
thermal pollution - тепловое загрязнение
toxic substance - токсическое вещество
unrenewable resources - невозобновляемые ресурсы
visual pollution - визуальное загрязнение окружающей среды
wastes - отходы
water quality criteria - критерии качества воды
water / air pollution - загрязнение воды, воздуха

Список рекомендуемой литературы по изучаемой тематике:

Тема 2.7. Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология)

«Времена года»

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для средних специальных заведений. Серия «Учебники и учебные пособия» - Ростов н/Д: «Феникс»,2001 -320 с. (с. 103, с.136)

2. Planet of English : учебник английского языка для учреждений НПО и СПО / [Г.Т.Безкоровайная, Н.И.Соколова, Е.А.Кой ран ская, Г.В.Лаврик]. — М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2012. — 256 с. : ил. (с. 221 у.2, с.224 у.5)

3. Карпова Т.А. English for colleges=Английский язык для колледжей: учебное пособие/ Т.А.Карпова. – 9-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: КНОРУС, 2013 – 288с. (с.140 у.33, с. 168 у.33)

«Проблемы окружающей среды», «Экология»

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для средних специальных заведений. Серия «Учебники и учебные пособия» - Ростов н/Д: «Феникс»,2001 -320 с. (с. 231, с.281)

2. Planet of English : учебник английского языка для учреждений НПО и СПО / [Г.Т.Безкоровайная, Н.И.Соколова, Е.А.Кой ран ская, Г.В.Лаврик]. — М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2012. — 256 с. : ил. (с. 226 у.8,9,10, с.232 у.16)

3. Английский язык/ А.С. Восковская, Т.А. Карпова. – Изд. 14-е, стер. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2014 – 376с (с.221 у.15)

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