Авторская исследовательская работа "Influence of Loan Words on native Words development."

TAGANROG MARIINSKY GYMNASIUM №15

“Influence of Loan Words on Native Words development”

Performed by

Sklyarova Marina Alexandrovna

Taganrog 2018

Influence of Loan Words on native Words development

Contents

1. Introduction

2. The Origin of English Words

3. Assimilation of loan words

4. International words

5. Origin of words we use in different situations

1. origin of words we use at school

2. stories of words about English dining-table

3. word stories of where we live

4. the word “Calendar tells its story”

5. the names of the months lead to Rome

1. Conclusions

The purpose of the work is to study the nature of loan words

The tasks of the work are:

1. to study special literature dealing with the problem

2. to show practical examples illustrating the origin of words we use in

different situations

1. Introduction An English-speaking World

Language belongs to each of us. Everyone uses words. What is it about language that makes people so curious? The answer is that there is almost nothing in our lives that is not touched by language. We live in and by language. We all speak and we all listen: so we are all interested in the origin of words, in how they appear and die.

The rise of English is a story of wonderful success. When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly two thousand years ago, English did not exist. Five hundred years later, in the 5th century, English was already spoken by the people who inhabited Great Britain but they were not many, and their English was not the language we know today. Nearly a thousand years later, at the end of the 16th century, when William Shakespeare created his works, English was the native language of about 6 million Englishmen. At that time English was not used anywhere else except Great Britain.

Nowadays, four hundred years later, 750 million people all over the world use English, and half of those speak it as a mother tongue. Of all the 2700 world languages English is one of the richest. For example, compare English, German and French: English has a vocabulary of about 500 000 words, German — 185 000, and French - fewer than 100 000. At the end of the 20th century English is more widely spoken and written, than any other language has ever been. It has become the language of the planet, the first truly global language. Three quarters of the world's mail and its telexes and telegrammes are in English. More than half of the world's scientific periodicals and eighty per cent of the information in the world's

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computers are also in English. English is the main language of business. It is the language of sports: the official language of the Olympics.

The English language surrounds us like a sea, and like the waters of a deep sea it is full of mysteries. English is and has always been constantly changing. Some words die, some change their meanings and all the time new words appear in the language.

There are several ways to add new words to the language. One of them is by boiTowing words from other languages. At the end of the 20th century in English there are many words that were borrowed from Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and other languages. When Columbus came back from South America he brought home to Spain new plants — potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco. With the plants he brought their names. This is how these words appeared in Spanish and later were borrowed from it by the English language.

The words that are borrowed tell us about the countries they have come from. For example, many Italian words that are now part of English (opera, operetta, piano) have to do with music. This is natural as Italian musicians have always been among the most famous in the world. Many of the words that people borrow from other languages are names of food.

1. The origin of English words

An important distinctive feature which has not been discussed so far is that of origin. According to this feature all words may be subdivided into two main groups. The elements of one are native, the elements of the other are borrowed.

A native word,is a word which belongs to the original English group as known from the earliest manuscripts of the Old English period. A loan word, borrowed word or borrowing is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling or meaning according to the standards of the English language.

The native words are further subdivided by linguistics into those of the Indo-European and those of Common Germanic origin. Among them we find terms of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother; words naming the most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone, tree; names of animals and birds: bull, cat, crow, goose, wolf; parts of the human body: arm, ear, eye, foot, heart, etc. Some of the most frequent verbs are also of Indo-European group: bear, come, sit, stand and others. The adjectives of this group denote concrete physical properties: hard, quick, slow, red, white. Most numerals also belong here.

A much bigger part of this native vocabulary layer is formed by words of the Common Germanic group of words having parallels in German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic, etc., but none in Russian or French. It contains a greater number of semantic groups. The following list may serve as an illustration of their general character. The nouns are summer, winter, storm, rain, ice, ground, bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth, hat, shirt, shoe, care, evil, hope, life, need, rest; the verbs are bake, burn, buy, drive, hear, keep, learn, make, meet, rise, see, send, shoot and many more; the adjectives are broad, dead, deaf deep. Many adverbs and pronouns also belong to this group.

Together with the words of the common Indo-European group these Common Germanic words form the base of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech. They constitute no less than 80% of the 500 most frequent words. Words belonging to the same part of speech can mean different things.

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For example, watch is one of the 500 most frequent English words. It may be used as a verb in more than ten different sentence patterns, with or without object and adverbial modifiers and combined with different classes of words. Examples (to cite but a few) are as follows: Are you going to play or only watch (the others play)? He was watching the crowd go by. Watch me carefully. He was watching for the man to leave the house. The man is being watched by the police.

The noun watch may mean 'the act of watching', 'the guard' (on ships), 'a period of duty for part of the ship's crew', 'the team on duty', 'a period of wakefulness', 'close observation', 'a time-piece', etc.

Watch is the centreof a numerous word-family: watch-dog, watcher, watchful, watchfulness, watch-out, watchword, etc. Some of the expressions containing this root are to be on the watch, to watch one's step, to keep watch, watchful as a hawk. There is also a proverb the watched pot never boils, used when people show impatience or are worrying.

The role played by borrowings in the vocabulary of a language depends upon the history of each given language, being conditioned by direct linguistic contacts and political, economic and cultural relationships between nations. English history contains many occasions for all types of such contacts. It is the vocabulary system of each language that is particularly responsive to every change in the life of the speaking community. The source, the number of the loan words are all dependent upon historical factors. The fact that up to 70% of the English vocabulary consist of loan words and only 30% of the words are native is explained by specific conditions of the English language development. The Roman invasion, the introduction of Christianity, the Danish and Norman conquests, and, in modem times, the specific features marking the development of British colonialism and imperialism combined to important changes in the vocabulary.

The term "source of borrowing" is connected with the term "origin of borrowing". The first should be applied to the language from which the loan word was taken into English. The second refers to the language in which the word may be used. Thus, the word paperLatpapyrus has French as its source of borrowing and Greek as its origin.

Alongside loan words proper, we distinguish translation loans and semantic loans. Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the British language but according to patterns taken from another language, by way of literal morpheme-for-morpheme translation. Examples are: chain-smoker :: Germ Kettenraucher; wall newspaper :: Russ стеннаягазета; (it) goes without saying ::Fr(cela) va sans dire.

The term "semantic loan" is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language: The English word pioneer meant 'explorer' and 'one who is among the first in new fields of activity'; now under the influence of the Russian word пионерit has come to mean 'a member of the Young Pioneers' Organization'.

The number of loan words in the English language is indeed so high that many foreign scholars (L.P. Smith, H. Bradley and others) wanted to reduce the study of the English vocabulary because the development of English was mainly due to borrowing. They seemed to be more interested in this study of the original source, form and meaning of every lexical element than in studying its present functioning and peculiarities. This view has been rejected.

Although the mixed character of the English vocabulary cannot be denied and the part of borrowing in its development is indeed one of great importance, the leading role in the

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history of this vocabulary belongs to word-formation and semantic changes according to the specific features of the English language system. This system modified loan words according to its own standards, so that it is sometimes difficult to tell an old borrowing from a native word. Examples are: cheese, street, wall, wine and other words belonging to the earliest layer of Latin borrowings. Many loan words, on the other hand, in spite of the changes they have undergone after penetrating into English, retain some peculiarities in pronunciation, spelling, and morphology.

Thus, the initial position of the sounds [v], [d3] is a sign that the word is not of native. Examples are: vacuum (Latin), valley (French), voivede (Russian), vanadium (named by a Swedish chemist Selfstrom from ON Vanadis, the goddess Freya), vanilla (Spanish), etc. The sound [d3] may be changed by the letters g and j: gemgemma and jewel

Ill Assimilation of loan words

The role of loan words in the formation and development of English vocabulary is dealt with in the history of the language. It is there that the historical events are discussed under which words borrowed from Latin, from Scandinavian dialects, from Norman and Parisian French and many other languages, including Russian, were introduced into English. Lexicology, on the other hand, has tasks of its own, which are connected with the material and the results of assimilation.

In the present paragraph attention must be concentrated on the assimilation of loan words as a way of their interaction with the system of the language as a whole. The term assimilation of a loan words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semantic system.

A classification of loan words according to the degree of assimilation can be only very general as no procedure for measuring it has so far been developed. The following three groups may be suggested: completely assimilated loan words, partially assimilated loan words and unassimilated loan words or barbarisms.

1. Completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings. They may belong to the first layer of Latin borrowings, e.g. cheese, street, wall or wine. Among Scandinavian loan words we find such frequent nouns as husband, fellow, gate, root, wing; such verbs as call, die, take, want and adjectives like happy, ill, low, odd and wrong. Completely assimilated French words are extremely numerous and frequent. It is interesting to mention such everyday words as table and chair, face and figure, finish and matter. A considerable number of Latin words borrowed during the revival of learning are at present almost unseparable from the rest of the vocabulary. Neither animal nor article differ noticeably from native words.

Completely assimilated loan words are also difficult phonetically. It is impossible to say exactly by the sound of the word sport and start whether they are borrowed or native. In fact start is native , derived from ME sterten, whereas sport is a shortening of disportvtdesporter “to amuse oneself’, “to carry oneself away from one s work” (derived from Latportare “to carry”).

1. The second group containing the partly assimilated loan words can be subdivided into subgroups.

1. Loan words not assimilated semantically because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from which they come. They may denote foreign clothing: sari,

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sombrero; foreign titles and professions: shah, rajah, sheik, bei, toreador; foreign vehicles: caique (Turkish), rickshaw (Chinese); food and drinks: pilav (Persian), sherbet (Arabian), etc.

1. Loan words not assimilated grammatically, for example, nouns borrowed from Latin or Greek which keep, their original plural forms: bacillus :: bacilli, crisis :: crises, formula :: formulae, index :: indices, phenomenon :: phenomena. Some of these are also used in English plural forms, but in that case there may be a difference in lexical meaning, as in

indices :: indexes.

1. Loan words not completely assimilated phonetically. The French words borrowed after 1650 give us good examples. Some of them keep the accent on the final syllable: machine, cartoon, police. Others, alongside with peculiarities in stress, contain sounds or combinations of sounds that are not standard for the English language and do not occur in native -words. The examples are: [з]—bourgeois, camouflage, prestige, regime, sabotage, [wa:] as in memoir or the nasalized [a], [o]: melange.

1. The third group of borrowings comprises the so-called barbarisms, i.e. words from other languages used by English people in conversation or in writing but not assimilated in any way, and for which there are corresponding English equivalents. The examples are the Italian addio,ciao 'good-bye', the French affiche for 'placard', the Latin ad libitum 'at pleasure' and the like.

The incompleteness of assimilation-results in some specific features which permit us to judge of the origin of words. They may serve as formal indications of loan words of Greek, Latin, French or other origin.

1. International words

As the process of borrowing is mostly connected with the appearance of new notions which the loan words serve to express, it is but natural that the borrowing is seldom limited to one language. Words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or borrowings from one source are called international words. They play an especially important role in different terminological systems and among words denoting abstract notions. They should not be mixed with words of the common Indo-European group . A few examples of comparatively new words due to the progress of science will illustrate the type: antenna, antibiotic, atomic, automation, autostrada, betatron, bionics, cybernetics and any others show likeness in English, French, Russian and several other languages.

This layer is of great importance for the foreign language learner as he must know the most efficient ways of similarity and difference between such words as control - контроль, general—генерал, industry—индустрияetc.

There are many spheres of using such words. We find numerous English words in the feld of sport: football, out, match, time. A large number of English words are to be found in the vocabulary connected with clothes: jersey, pullover, sweater, nylon, tweed, etc. Cinema and different forms of entertainment are also a source of many international words of English origin: film, club, cocktail, jazz.

To sum up this brief study of loan words it is necessary to stress that in studying loan words a linguist should know the source, the date of penetration, the semantic sphere to which the word belonged and the process of borrowing.

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V Origin of words we use in different situations

1. Origin of words we use at school Is school fun or Hard work?

If you are asked a question: “Do you like to go to school?" The answers may be: “Certainly, there are some who like it, but there are some others who don't. " Incidentally, the great English poet and playwright Shakespeare wrote about those who go to school without wish:

And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school.

This boy is going to school as if it were hard, hard work. Poor thing! That reminds of a rhyme they used to chant on the last day of school before the summer vacation:

No more pencils, no more books,

No more teacher's saucy looks,

No more Latin, no more French,

No more sitting on a hardwood bench.

As you can see students were happy that a hard work of going to school had come to an end. What a shame! Well, now even those children who like to go to school will be surprised to learn that the word "school' originates from the Greek word "schole" which meant "leisure". The ancient Greeks used this word. Some people were busy working, others had leisure time to be educated. At first education was just discussion: people we are talking about different problems of life. Naturally they could meet anywhere for the discussions.

Let s recall the name of Socrates. Socrates was a Greek philosopher, he died in 399 B.C. But besides, he was one of the first teachers. He taught in the market, places, gymnasiums, actually in any place where he could get people to listen to him. Time passed, education became wide spread and more formal. As a matter of fact, teaching was now done at regular times and in special places. So there you are, the word school that first meant "leisure" began to mean "learning which is done in leisure time", later the word began to name "the place in which learning done".

The word alphabet came to us from ancient Greece. It has the same meaning as more childish word "ABC". Just imagine a Greek child reciting his alphabet: alpha, beta, gamma, delta ... Can you guess now how the word alphabet came into being?" - "It's a combination of alpha and beta." - "Yes, indeed. We get our word alphabet from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet - alpha and beta.

And here is an old children song, it goes all through the ABC and tells you something for each letter.

A was an archer, who shot at a frog,

Вwas a boy playing tag with a dog,

Сwas a captain so gallant and bold,

D was a dancer with slippers of gold,

E was an Eskimo living on ice,

F was a fisherman, isn't that nice,

G was a giant who pulled down a house,

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H was a hunter who hunted a mouse,

I was an Indian climbing on walls,

J was a juggler who juggled five balls,

Кwas a king and he wore a fine crown,

L was a lion tamer dressed up in brown,

M was a musician who marched in a band,

N was a nobleman looking so grand,

Оwas an old man who drank lots of tea,

P was a pirate who sailed on the sea,

Q was a queen sitting high on a throne,

R was a robber who lived all alone,

S was a sailor who never was wet,

T was a tailor with needle and thread,

U was an uncle and he was quite rich,

1. was a villain who fell in a ditch,

W was a weaver at home and on tour,

X was expensive and then became poor,

• was a yachtsman who sailed in a yacht,

Z was a zero and that s all we've sot.

Certainly this song will help everybody to remember the way the letters follow one another in the English alphabet.

The English word paper developed from the French papier, which, in turn came from the Latin papyrus and is relative to the Greek papyros. The Greeks gave the name papyros to a reed which was once plentiful in Egypt. When the Egyptians needed something to write on, they made it from this reed. The Egyptians sliced the inside of the papyros stems very thin. They laid these slices side by side, then crisscrossed them with another layer of slices. When the sheet was dry, it made very durable material. On that material they wrote with a brush or a reed. You can see ancient Egyptian papyrus manuscripts in museums.

About AD 900 Egyptians learned the Chinese method of paper making and stopped using papyrus for writing. A new method was spread, but the product was still called by the old name paper.

There is one more interesting example: a student and the little black circle in the centre of the eye are both called pupils? You may think that there is no connection between them. But there is. And the connection is a doll. Both the words came into the English language through French from Latin. In Latin there was a word pupa, a girl, and pupus, a boy. When the Latin ending -ilia was added to pupa or pupus, the word meant "a little girl" or "a little boy". Children begin to go to school at an early age when they are still "pupils".

But pupilla, a little girl, also meant a doll. It is easy to understand why, isn't it? Now, if you look another person in the eye when the light is just right, you can see your reflection. Your figure, by the way, is very, very small. This miniature picture also reminded the Romans of a pupilla, a doll, and they named the small round black spot in the centre of the eye a pupil as well.

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1. Stories of the Names of the Meals.

Mysterious Lunch

Lunch is full of mystery, indeed. Some people think it comes from an old Spanish word lonje, a piece of ham. Many others suppose that it comes from a dialect form of the word lump, a piece of bread, which was distorted into lunch. Such things happened in the English language: we have hunch from hump, bunch from bump. Why not lunch from lump! Anyway, nobody is sure whether the word lunch comes from ham or bread (or may be both, in a ham sandwich?). At least, one thing is clear: lunch meant a piece of something to eat.

It is not surprising that people often have a light lunch, rather a bite of a sandwich or a snack of bread and cheese with a glass of beer in a pub. Though it may be something more substantial at a restaurant or a canteen.

Breakfast and Dinner Are the Same? Well, I Never!

Breakfast and dinner mean nearly the same: to stop not eating, to stop being hungry. Breakfast is an Anglo-Saxon word, and it is made up of two parts: break and fast. Fast in its old meaning in the word breakfast meant "to be firm in your determination not to eat". The early Christians thought you should not eat in the morning before church services, you should "fast". After the service you were allowed to break your fast, so you could take "breakfast".

The word dinner comes into English from Latin through French. In Middle English it had the spelling: dinere, which is a changed form of Old French disner from Latin disjejunare. The Latin word has two parts: dis-, away, and jejunus, hungry; so it means "away from being hungry", to break one's fast.

Snack and Bite Are a Pair? No Wonder

Snack and biteare a pair because they mean the same. Snack comes from Middle Dutch snacken, which means to snap or to bite, as you say it of a dog. Bite was bitan in Old English and meant "to use one's teeth to cut a piece of smth", "to snap". Actually both words meant the same. Later they developed the meaning: "to bite something to eat". Nowadays they both mean" a light, quick meal .

Food Words from Distant Exotic Countries

In Modem period because of world trade and Britain's large part in it, the English have borrowed words from distant and exotic countries: potato from South America, maize from the West Indies, tomato, cocoa, chocolate from Mexico, coffee from Turkey, tea from China; banana from the African country. The words came to English by different ways, but these are the countries origin.

1. Word Stories of Where We live

Kings and Queens of Britain have always lived in palaces. Buckingham Palace is the Queen' s London residence. It was Queen Victoria who chose Buckingham House for her home. It underwent numerous alterations before it took its present palatial form. The Royal Family has lived there ever since, in the heart of the British capital.

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Now, you realize that the most imposing of all homes is home of kings, a palace. Who was the first that built the house named palace? Nero, the Roman Emperor, gets the credit for building the first one. Long time ago the centre of Rome was the Palatian Hill. Later, as the city grew, the Palatian became the smart place to live. Soon the whole slope was covered with the houses of the wealthy. Then Emperor Nero decided to have the hill all to himself. The private houses were ordered to be removed and Nero's architects planned an elaborate dwelling for him. The residence was named the palatium which meant literally "on the site of the Palatine". Hence from palatium the French kings called their dwellings palais. This word entered English as paleys, and afterwards became palace.

When you're on a tour of London, your guide will surely draw your attention to magnificent Georgian or Elizabethan mansions built and occupied by famous aristocratic families of Britain. In its beginning, though, mansion was a humble word that merely meant a place one lives in. It came into English through Old French from Latin mansio, mansionis, a house or an abode. It has come into use in English since the 13^th century and now refers to a large residence.

The word residence also appeared in English through French from the Latin resideo, consisting of two parts: re-, back, and sedeo, sit. So, originally residence was the place where you could sit back and take it easy. Nothing is better in this respect than home, don't you think so? Now it is a formal word, you may use it speaking, for instance, of "the prime minister's official residence" or "summer residence of the Queen".

The words house and dwelling are native English words and as a rule they refer to simpler residence than palace or mansion.

What is about the house native English and what is foreign? Roof is a former Old English word hrof wall is from the Latin vallus, window is the Scandinavian compound, literally translated as "the eye of the wind"; chimney rolls back first to French cheminee, then to Late Latin caminata, a fireplace, still further to the Latin caminus and, finally, to the Greek word kaminos, a furnace.

The names of the rooms have their stories as well. From the historical point of view one of the most fascinating rooms in the house should be attic. We could expect it to be in olden days a room of great elegance and superb taste because the word attic comes from the classical word attic which means "having characteristics peculiarly Athenian". And we know that the architecture of the Athenians was notable for its symmetry, grace and refinement.

1. The Word ’’Calendar" Tells Its Story

You have come to school. An English lesson begins. The teacher asks a pupil on duty, "What is the date today?" The boy looks at the calendar, and the answer is ready. A calendar is a very helpful thing, indeed. But how this word appeared? Here is the story of the word

calendar.

"I was born very long ago in the Latin language. But in the Latin my proper name was calendarium. It meant at that time a record-book. Do you know what it is? There were rich people who lent money to the poor. They gave it for some time, then the poor returned the money and paid some extra cash, called interest. Money-lenders , kept a special book, in which they recorded to whom they lent money and how much interest they will get. They used my name "calendarium" to call this book. Why? Because interest was paid on the Calends. By the Calends the Romans named the first day of each month.

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Time passed. People forgot my old meaning. They began to use my name for record of days, weeks, months within a year."

An interesting story, isn't it? The word calendar made a long journey around the world. It entered the English language and the Russian as well. The Russian word sounds very similar, doesn't it?

So now you know not only the story of the English word calendar, but also of the Russian word календарь.

1. The Names of the Months Lead to Rome

Yes, exactly so. The Modem English names for the months of the year all come from the Latin. Their origin goes back to the ancient Rome. But if you think that the present Latin names existed all the time, you are wrong. Before the English people adopted the Latin names they had their native names. And, in fact, in some cases the native names are more interesting than the Latin ones.

January or ^Mthe Month of Wolves"?

The first month of the year is January. January is the month of Janus. Janus was a Roman God of Beginnings and Endings, Janus had two faces: on the front and on the back of the head. He could look backwards into the past and forward to the beginning year. January is a right name for the first month of the new year, isn't it? On the New Year Eve we always think of what we have done in the past year, and we are planning to do better in the new year.

What was the Old English name for January? It was Wulfmonath, which mean "month of the wolves ". Today England is thickly populated and civilized, and it is hard to imagine that there was a time when wolves roamed the island. In the cold days of deep winter they got very hungry and came into the towns to look for food. Sc January was called the "month of the wolves ".

February Is "the Month When Cabbages Sprout"

The name of February comes from Latin februa — purification. It was a month when ancient Romans had a festival of purification.

Before the English adopted the Latin name, they called this month Sprote-Kale- Monath. Kale is a kind of cabbage; sprote is a modern English word to sprout, which means to begin to grow. So, February was "the month when the cabbage begins to grow". As you see, the Romans thought of festivals and merry ceremonies, while the English watched the nature, thought of their agricultural problems.

March Comes in Like a lion!

March is the month of Mars, Roman God of War. March was the earliest warm time of the year when the Romans could start a war. Before the time of Julius Caesar the Roman year began with March, which was then the first month of the Roman calendar.

March in Britain often comes with strong winds. No wonder that in old days the English called March Hyld-Monath, which means noisy month or the month of noisy winds. From this comes the saying: "If March comes in like a lion, it will go out like a lamb!"

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In April Flowers Open

No one can say for sure how April got its name. There are a few stories about the meaning of the word April. The Latin name for the month was Aprilis. Some people connect this word with the Latin element apero- meaning second, because April was the second month in the Roman calendar (after March). Some other think that the month was named after an Etruscan goddess who was called Apriu. The most spread one is a pretty story that the month was named from the Latin word aperire — to open. It is a month when buds of trees and flowers begin to open.

The English, before they took the Latin names, called April Easter-Monath, the month of a religious festival which is usually celebrated in this month.

Marry in the Month of May...

May is named for the Roman goddess of growth and increase, Maia. She was goddess of spring, because in spring everything was growing, flourishing, increasing.

The English name is not so poetic. They called the month Thrimilce, which means something like to milk three times. In May the cows give so much milk that the peasants have to milk them three times a day. The farmers are very busy, indeed, and perhaps, that is why they do not advise to get married in May. "Marry in the month of May, and you '11 surely rue the day." By the way, the Romans also thought that May is unlucky for weddings.

Is June "a Dry Month”?

The month of June was so called after the Junius family of Rome, one of the leading clans of ancient Rome. One member of that family was the founder of the Roman republic, and two others were among those who killed Julius Caesar, the great Roman general and leader.

Besides, the Roman festival of Juno, goddess of the moon, was celebrated on the first day of this month. We think of June as the month of brides and roses, but to the Anglo- Saxons it was Sere-Monath, the dry month. Agricultural problems were their first concern: "Calm weather in June sets com in tune."

July Is the Month of Julius Caesar

Yes, it is, isn't it? The month began to be called that in the year when Julius Caesar was killed.

The English called July Maed-Monath, meadow month, because the meadows are in bloom in July.

August Is ^Mthe Month of Weeds”? You Don't Say So!

August was once called sextillis as it was the sixth month from March, with which, as you remember, the Roman year opened. It was then changed into August in honour of the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar, the nephew of Julius Caesar. This man was chosen by Julius Caesar as his heir, he took the name Caesar, and was given the title "Augustus" by the Roman Senate. This month was a lucky month for Augustus Caesar: he won a number of victories, celebrated three triumphs, put an end to the civil wars. By the way, Augustus Caesar refused to have fewer days in his month of August than there were in the month of July, the month named after his adopted father Julius. So, he borrowed a day from February and added it to August; that is why August has 31 days.

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The Old English name for August was Weod-Monath, the month of weeds. Sounds very strange, doesn 't it? But then, you know, in the Old English the word weed meant vegetation in general.

September, October, November and December Are Just Numbers, Not the Names

September, October, November and December are just seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth months of the year. You are not surprised, are you? You remember that before the Romans changed their calendar, March was the first month.

The English had more descriptive names for these months. September was called Harfest-Monath — the harvest month. October was Win-Monath " — the wine month, because it was the time of vintage. November was Blod-Monath, the blood month, because in November the Anglo-Saxons sacrificed cattle to their gods. Another explanation is that in November people killed their cattle and salted down the meat for winter use. December was Mid-Winter-Monath, although the Christians of the day called it Halig-Monath, because of the birth of Christ.

1. Conclusions

As far back as in XVIII century Sumarokov A.P. wrote: “Borrow foreign words of necessity doesn’t enrich the native language. Moreover, it spoils it.” In fact, there are different approaches to estimate the process of foreign words penetrating into the native language. That s why it is very important to sort out the words which are reasonable and even useful for the language development and those which are absolutely useless and clutter up speech.

The researchers investigated the reasons of these words penetrating into the native language and pointed out extralinguistic and linguistic reasons for it. As main reason extralinguistic reasons of an obligatory character have been pointed out. They have mainly been connected with communicative necessity, and these are loan words which can express it the best. Here is an example of English words taken from newspapers of the 20^th century [5]

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Literature used

1. The English Word. И.В. Арнольд. М.: ВШ, 1973. 303c.

2. English (Text Book), O.B. Афанасьева, И.В. Михеева, 2002.

3. History and Mystery of the English Words, L.M. Borisova. M. 1994, 95 стр.

4. Осторожно, HOTDog! Современный активный английский. М.А. Голденко. М., 2004.

5. Павленко Г.В. Проблема освоения иноязычных заимствований (на материале англицизмов конца ХХв.). Таганрог: 2002. 140с.

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