Олимпиадные задания 2

Variant 2

Task 1

Text A

Terrain orientation

When going on a trip, you should not rely only on GPS systems. Gadgets tend to fail or get lost, and in inclement weather they are not able to establish contact with satellites to determine the location. Finally, where there are no street names, even pinpointing your location will not help you if you do not have topographic landmarks.

Always take a compass, extra batteries and a map with you as a reserve variant.

Even before you find yourself in an uninhabited area, it is worth exploring it on the map. You need to find out what is within a radius of 20-30 km from where you are going. If you get lost, you will be able to navigate by the location of lakes, mountains, sea shores and other natural objects.

Nature provides many clues about your location. Since most winds blow from the west, trees and shrubs tend to have more foliage on the east side. And there are more branches on the south side, since it is she who receives the maximum sunlight due to the tilt of our planet. Moss grows best in the shade, so it is more common on the north side of trees. This hint should be used more carefully than others: an individual tree can be shaded by neighboring ones. Make sure you see the big picture first and don’t jump to conclusions.

Sun orientation

For thousands of years, people have been using celestial objects as navigational tools. If you have studied the map and generally figured out the features of the terrain, you can find your way to a safe place with the help of the closest star to us – the Sun. Just watch it move. The easiest way to track the movement of the sun is to determine in which direction you are casting the shadow. As the sun rises in the east, it casts a shadow to the west in the morning. In the afternoon, when the sun begins to move westward, your shadow will point eastward.

It is difficult to use this technique at noon, since the sun, which is high overhead, gives almost no shade.

Using an analog clock, you can easily determine the main directions (north, south, west, east). Raise your hand with the clock as if you want to determine the time, then turn it so that the hour hand “looks” at the sun.

The direction to the south is indicated by a point on the clock which is halfway between the hour hand and the 12 o’clock position. If it is not possible to determine the time of day, make an impromptu sundial and use the movement of your shadow for orientation. To do this, stick a stick into the ground and place a stone in the place where the shadow from it ends. Wait 15 minutes and do the same with the new position of the shadow. Draw one line between the two stones and the other perpendicular to it. The end of the perpendicular line farthest from the stick indicates the direction to the north.

Orientation by the stars

Orientation by the stars has helped countless sailors, pirates and explorers reach distant shores and treasures. Any traveler will be able to determine the cardinal points even in pitch darkness. This is good news for those who move after sunset.

The choice of stars in the night sky to navigate depends on your geographic coordinates, season, cloud cover and time of night.

In the Northern Hemisphere, a very convenient landmark is the North Star, by which you can determine the direction to the north. Since it is near the North Pole, its position in the sky is almost unchanged. This is not the brightest star in the sky. To find her, you must first find the constellations closest to her: Ursa Major, Ursa Minor and Cassiopeia. It is located in a straight line with the two outer stars of the Big Dipper bowl. If we take the distance between these two stars as one, Polaris is five such units from the last of them, and also approximately halfway between the Ursa Major and the middle star of the constellation Cassiopeia, which has the shape of the letter W. Polaris is also the last star in the handle of Ursa Minor.

There is no such reference star at the South Pole, but in the Southern Hemisphere, the direction can be determined by the position of the Southern Cross constellation. Draw an imaginary line from the brightest star in this constellation to the opposite star (of the two axes of the cross, this is the longest). If we consider the length of this axis as a unit of distance, the South Pole is located, when viewed in the direction of the brightest star, at a distance of four and a half such units. Find Orion’s Belt at the equator. The three horizontally located stars that make up this belt lie on the east-west line; Orion’s “torso” points to the north, and the “legs” to the south.

Magnetic navigation

The compass is a useful navigational tool and, like all such much needed instruments, is made from materials that can be obtained from the many available sources. Electrical wires can be found in radio speakers, flashlights, and in cars. Batteries are used in a wide variety of devices. A roll of duct tape is a must-have in the car. But to get a needle or a thin long steel arrow, if you did not put it in your supply, you will have to try.

With a few simple steps, you can magnetize a steel needle or piece of wire from a fence and use it just like a regular store-bought compass. The operation of the navigation device is based on the action of the Earth’s magnetic field, or “magnetosphere”, on the arrow, setting it in a certain direction. The electric charge causes the ions to collect at one end of the arrow, and if nothing interferes with it, it will automatically show direction north-south.

It is enough to magnetize only one end of the needle, but keep in mind that such a small and thin device is difficult to work with. Use a needle for only the most general information to find the axis showing north and south. To determine exactly where each end is directed, you will need to use some other type of orientation to natural objects.

The north direction of the manufactured compass actually shows the north magnetic pole of the earth, which is located about 2,000 km south of true north – the geographic N Pole of the earth. Therefore, the readings of improvised navigation devices should be supplemented, whenever possible, with maps. Only in this way you will have a complete picture of the direction of travel.

Choose the statement(s) that you think is (are) correct (underline the number).

Example:

0 Terrain orientation is an approximate determination of your location using terrain features, horizon sides, prominent local objects, and so on.

1. When you go on a trip, you should completely rely only on GPS systems.

2. Taking compass with you is not obligatory.

3. You should always explore the map, even if you are in an uninhabited area.

4. Nature would never help you to identify the location.

5. You can find your way to a safe place with the help of the Sun.

6. Not everyone can orient by the stars, thus which is not helpful.

7. Finding the North Star is the simplest way of orientation.

8. The compass is not a very useful navigational tool.

9. You would never magnetize a steel needle or piece of wire from a fence yourself.

10. The readings of improvised navigation devices should be supplemented with maps.

Text B

First aid

Smart kit containing first aid supplies

This smart kit contains a smart bag, a doctor’s penlight, a single insect relief, four alcohols wipes, four non-aspirin pain killers, single fingertip bandage, eye pads, a 2400 calories food bar, and six 4.2oz water pouches. There are also twenty single plastic bandages included in the kit, two adhesive tapes, one twelve hour light stick, plastic whistle, one 2oz hand sanitizer, hydrogen peroxide, ace bandage, a first aid manual, a single blister. A large solar blanket, waterproof tape, and four two by two, two three by three and two four by four sterile gauze pads are also added to the kit. This first aid kit retails at $36, which is a reasonable price for an equipped emergency kit. This emergency kit is appropriate for home and outdoor use, but the equipment contained suits an outdoor setting where emergency medical care is remote. This makes it the best choice for the home emergency kit because during disasters access to medical care is hard, and this can make the difference between life and death. This first aid kit is also appropriate for camping. Another advantage of this kit is that it can provide treatment to injuries that include common bumps, minor and serious wounds. The inclusion of a first aid manual makes it easy to use.

Rescue first aid kit

This first aid kit includes the following: an EMS box, a first aid manual, two instant ice packs, four-eye pads, two and three ACE bandages, bandage scissors, twelve triple antibiotics, tweezers, a wire splint, antiseptic wipes, a thermometer. These come along with four roles tape, blood stoppers, burn free dressings, four pairs of latex gloves, a tissue pack, eye wash, triangular bandages, two gauze rolls, a doctors penlight, butterfly bandages, a CPR mouth piece, and tongue depressors. These components can be used to manage all forms of health emergencies ranging from fractures, burns, bleedings, poisoning, cardiac problems, and emergency deliveries. The first aid booklet can help a novice to undertake basic first aid procedures that can rescue life.

This first aid kit is appropriate for all settings especially rescue missions during disasters. This is because it has the necessary equipment that can handle almost all emergencies resulting from disasters. Having such a kit at home ensures that a family has all the necessary first aid equipment during disasters. The kit retails at $99 meaning that it is an affordable price for such a complete set. This kit can also make an excellent gift item that can be given during corporate events.

Choose the statement(s) that you think is (are) correct (underline the number).

Example:

0 The smart kit contains a smart bag, a doctor’s penlight, a single insect relief, four alcohols wipes, four non-aspirin pain killers, single fingertip bandage, eye pads, a 2400 calories food bar, and six 4.2oz water pouches.

1. The smart kilt includes twenty single plastic bandages and two adhesive tapes more.

2. There is no solar blanket, waterproof tape, and sterile gauze pads in the kit.

3. The first aid kit costs $36.

4. You can’t use emergency kit at home and outdoor.

5. You can’t use first aid kit for camping.

6. First aid kit provides treatment to injuries that include common bumps, minor and serious wounds.

7. Rescue first aid kit includes less than 12 objects.

8. The components can be used to manage all forms of health emergencies ranging from fractures, burns, bleedings, poisoning, cardiac problems, and emergency deliveries.

9. First aid kit is not appropriate for rescue missions during disasters.

10. Rescue first aid kit costs $50.

Text C

Physical Geography - North America

The northern of the two continents of the Western Hemisphere, North America is the third largest continent. It is at the NW of South America, joined to South America at the tip of Panama. The continent is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, South America on the south and the Arctic Ocean on the north. It is politically divided in the Northern Part – with Canada, Unites States and Mexico – and southern part, called Central America and the Caribbean Countries. USA, Canada and Mexico have an estimated population of 445 million people in 2008, with a GDP of 15,330 billion of 2005 U.S. dollars.

The mainland of Central America extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of Panama. The countries and territories of the southern part of North America - Central America and Caribbean - are Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Santa Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines & Trinidad and Tobago. The total GDP estimated for this region of Central America and Caribbean in 2008 is 291 billion of 2005 U.S. dollars, with a population of 78 million people.

The terminology ‘Anglo-America’ is used to describe Canada and the U.S. while ‘Latin America’ comprises Mexico and the countries of Central America, the Caribbean and all South America.

With an estimated population of 460 million, the North American continent extends through an area of 9,361,791 square miles (24,247,039 square kilometers). Canada represents most of the northern half of North America, much of which is sparsely populated, except for the northwestern portion – Alaska - the largest American state.

Natural features of North America include the northern portion of the American Cordillera, represented by the geologically new Rocky Mountains in the west; and the considerably older Appalachian Mountains to the east. The north hosts an abundance of glacial lakes formed during the last glacial period, including the Great Lakes. North America's major continental divide is the Great Divide, which runs north and south down through Rocky Mountains. The major watersheds all drain to the east: The Mississippi/Missouri and Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico, and St. Lawrence into the Atlantic.

Climate is determined to a large extent by the latitude, ranging from Arctic cold in the north to tropical heat in the south. The western half of North America tends to have wilder and wetter climate than other areas with equivalent latitude, although there are steppes (known as ‘prairies’) and deserts in the Southwestern United States of Arizona, Colorado, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas; along with the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.

Choose the statement(s) that you think is(are) NOT correct (circle the number).

Example:

0 North America is the first largest continent.

1. The continent is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea on the east, the Pacific Ocean on the west, South America on the south and the Arctic Ocean on the north.

2. It is politically divided in the Northern Part – with Mexico and Chile – and southern part with the Caribbean Countries.

3. The southern part of the continent is called Central America.

4. USA, Canada and Mexico have an estimated population of 445 million people.

5. The southern part of North America contains 10 countries.

6. The southern part of North America has a population of 78 million people.

7. Latin America comprises Mexico and the countries of Central America, the Caribbean and all South America.

8. Alaska is the most sparsely populated territory of North America.

9. The major watersheds all drain to the east: The Mississippi/Missouri and Rio Grande into the Gulf of Mexico, and St. Lawrence into the Atlantic.

10. Climate is determined to a large extent by the latitude, ranging from Arctic cold in the north to tropical heat in the south.

Task II

In each set of words, one is the odd one out: different from the others. Find the word that is different and circle it. For example:

captain sergeant lieutenant major

“sergeant” is the odd one out. All the others are officers.

1. reliable intermittent durable solid

“intermittent” is the odd one out. It is the antonym for ‘robust’.

1. operation authority oversight dominion

“oversight” is the odd one out. The rest of words mean ‘power, dominance’.

1. associate benefactor apprentice gofer

“benefactor” is the odd one out. It is the antonym for the other words.

1. marauder desperado fabricator raider

“fabricator” is the odd one out. The other words mean ‘robber’.

1. pundit learned savant schlemiel

“schlemiel” is the odd one out. This word mean ‘An incompetent person’, an antonym for the rest of the words.

1. infrequent hackneyed scant sparse

“hackneyed” is the odd one out. The other words mean ‘rare’.

1. trite informal vapid corny

“informal” is the odd one out. The other words mean ‘simple’.

1. somniferous sedative hypnotic obtuse

“obtuse” is the odd one out. The word means ‘stupid’, and the rest – ‘soothing’.

1. inelegant scum ungainly gawky

“scum” is the odd one out. The words mean ‘clumsy’.

1. challenge termination instigation indignity

“termination” is the odd one out. This word is the antonym for another ones.

Task III.

Correct mistakes in the use of prepositions

Example:

1. This is a car emergency survival kit ____for____ a single individual for three days.

1. in b) for c) with d) of

1. It is composed _______ a large fanny pack, one dust mask, auto emergency instructions, one wet nap, a thirty seven piece first aid kit, a whistle complete ________ a lanyard, water resistant matches, one solar blanket and AM and FM radio with batteries.

1. of…with b) for…with c) with…with d)in…with

1. This emergency kit is necessary in the car because it will be useful during medical emergencies _______ remote regions while travelling.

1. with b) from c) for d) in

1. Another advantage ______ this survival kit is that it is packed ______ a durable nylon bag that can be easily carried if the driver is forced to trek to safety grounds.

1. for…in b) of…in c) of…for d) in…of

1. All survivalists have survival kits, ______ they can be all different.

1. and b) otherwise c) but d) thus

1. The best survival kits are relatively light ____ weight and can save your life _______ a variety of emergency situations.

1. in b) with c) on d) from

1. The emergency situation might also happen _______ the environment is rather difficult to pass.

1. when b) and c) but d) if

1. Individual needs, _____ specific needs, usually include non-rescription _____ prescription medications, ______ some specific personal hygiene items.

1. and b) or c) since d) for

1. You may have already put your survival gear in your backpack _______ bought a ready-made bug-out bag, ______ our checklist will still be useful to you.

1. and…and b) and…but c) or….but d) or…and

1. ______ even if you have something that we did not mention in our list, this is rather a plus.

1. And b) But c)Thus d) Otherwise

1. A flashlight can be useful ______ you both in total blackout and simply in situations with short-period power outages.

1. for b) with c) about d) to

Task 4

Choose the correct meaning of an idiomatic expression from among the suggested ones. 3 of the meanings are odd ones.

1-d; 2-odd; 3-g; 4-odd; 5-b; 6-a; 7-e; 8-c; 9- odd; 10-f.

Task V

Read the text, find 10 mistakes, underline the word (words) where in your opinion there is a mistake and write a correct version on the right.

What geographical feature makes up most of Central America?